compressed.lua

--[=[
  so as you know this is ur backdoor yes,
  but could you maybe make it compressed T^T?
  is usefull for me :>
  anyways this is the end of ma message
  local contacts = {
    Name = "raxlov";
    Contacts = {
      Discord = "raxlov";
    }; 
  }
--]=]

function loadsting(str)
	
	local L, LBI, LuaK, LuaP, LuaU, LuaX, LuaY, LuaZ
	
	LBI = function()
		local advanced_debug

		local lua_opcode_types = {
			"ABC",  "ABx", "ABC",  "ABC",
			"ABC",  "ABx", "ABC",  "ABx", 
			"ABC",  "ABC", "ABC",  "ABC",
			"ABC",  "ABC", "ABC",  "ABC",
			"ABC",  "ABC", "ABC",  "ABC",
			"ABC",  "ABC", "AsBx", "ABC",
			"ABC",  "ABC", "ABC",  "ABC",
			"ABC",  "ABC", "ABC",  "AsBx",
			"AsBx", "ABC", "ABC", "ABC",
			"ABx",  "ABC",
		}

		local lua_opcode_names = {
			"MOVE",     "LOADK",     "LOADBOOL", "LOADNIL",
			"GETUPVAL", "GETGLOBAL", "GETTABLE", "SETGLOBAL",
			"SETUPVAL", "SETTABLE",  "NEWTABLE", "SELF",
			"ADD",      "SUB",       "MUL",      "DIV",
			"MOD",      "POW",       "UNM",      "NOT",
			"LEN",      "CONCAT",    "JMP",      "EQ",
			"LT",       "LE",        "TEST",     "TESTSET",
			"CALL",     "TAILCALL",  "RETURN",   "FORLOOP",
			"FORPREP",  "TFORLOOP",  "SETLIST",  "CLOSE",
			"CLOSURE",  "VARARG"
		};

		--[[
		local lua_opcode_numbers = {};
		for number, name in next, lua_opcode_names do
			lua_opcode_numbers[name] = number;
		end
		--]]

		--- Extract bits from an integer
		--@author: Stravant
		local function get_bits(input, n, n2)
			if n2 then
				local total = 0
				local digitn = 0
				for i = n, n2 do
					total = total + 2^digitn*get_bits(input, i)
					digitn = digitn + 1
				end
				return total
			else
				local pn = 2^(n-1)
				return (input % (pn + pn) >= pn) and 1 or 0
			end
		end

		local function decode_bytecode(bytecode)
			local index = 1
			local big_endian = false
			local int_size;
			local size_t;

			-- Actual binary decoding functions. Dependant on the bytecode.
			local get_int, get_size_t;

			-- Binary decoding helper functions
			local get_int8, get_int32, get_int64, get_float64, get_string;
			do
				function get_int8()
					local a = bytecode:byte(index, index);
					index = index + 1
					return a
				end
				function get_int32()
					local a, b, c, d = bytecode:byte(index, index + 3);
					index = index + 4;
					return d*16777216 + c*65536 + b*256 + a
				end
				function get_int64()
					local a = get_int32();
					local b = get_int32();
					return b*4294967296 + a;
				end
				function get_float64()
					local a = get_int32()
					local b = get_int32()
					return (-2*get_bits(b, 32)+1)*(2^(get_bits(b, 21, 31)-1023))*
						((get_bits(b, 1, 20)*(2^32) + a)/(2^52)+1)
				end
				function get_string(len)
					local str;
					if len then
						str = bytecode:sub(index, index + len - 1);
						index = index + len;
					else
						len = get_size_t();
						if len == 0 then return; end
						str = bytecode:sub(index, index + len - 1);
						index = index + len;
					end
					return str;
				end
			end

			local function decode_chunk()
				local chunk;
				local instructions = {};
				local constants    = {};
				local prototypes   = {};
				local debug = {
					lines = {};
				};

				chunk = {
					instructions = instructions;
					constants    = constants;
					prototypes   = prototypes;
					debug = debug;
				};

				local num;

				chunk.name       = get_string();-- Function name
				chunk.first_line = get_int();	-- First line
				chunk.last_line  = get_int();	-- Last  line

				if chunk.name then chunk.name = chunk.name:sub(1, -2); end

				chunk.upvalues  = get_int8();
				chunk.arguments = get_int8();
				chunk.varg      = get_int8();
				chunk.stack     = get_int8();

				-- TODO: realign lists to 1
				-- Decode instructions
				do
					num = get_int();
					for i = 1, num do
						local instruction = {
							-- opcode = opcode number;
							-- type   = [ABC, ABx, AsBx]
							-- A, B, C, Bx, or sBx depending on type
						};

						local data   = get_int32();
						local opcode = get_bits(data, 1, 6);
						local type   = lua_opcode_types[opcode + 1];

						instruction.opcode = opcode;
						instruction.type   = type;

						instruction.A = get_bits(data, 7, 14);
						if type == "ABC" then
							instruction.B = get_bits(data, 24, 32);
							instruction.C = get_bits(data, 15, 23);
						elseif type == "ABx" then
							instruction.Bx = get_bits(data, 15, 32);
						elseif type == "AsBx" then
							instruction.sBx = get_bits(data, 15, 32) - 131071;
						end

						instructions[i] = instruction;
					end
				end

				-- Decode constants
				do
					num = get_int();
					for i = 1, num do
						local constant = {
							-- type = constant type;
							-- data = constant data;
						};
						local type = get_int8();
						constant.type = type;

						if type == 1 then
							constant.data = (get_int8() ~= 0);
						elseif type == 3 then
							constant.data = get_float64();
						elseif type == 4 then
							constant.data = get_string():sub(1, -2);
						end

						constants[i-1] = constant;
					end
				end

				-- Decode Prototypes
				do
					num = get_int();
					for i = 1, num do
						prototypes[i-1] = decode_chunk();
					end
				end

				-- Decode debug info
				-- Not all of which is used yet.
				do
					-- line numbers
					local data = debug.lines
					num = get_int();
					for i = 1, num do
						data[i] = get_int32();
					end

					-- locals
					num = get_int();
					for i = 1, num do
						get_string():sub(1, -2);	-- local name
						get_int32();	-- local start PC
						get_int32();	-- local end   PC
					end

					-- upvalues
					num = get_int();
					for i = 1, num do
						get_string();	-- upvalue name
					end
				end

				return chunk;
			end

			-- Verify bytecode header
			do
				assert(get_string(4) == "\27Lua", "Lua bytecode expected.");
				assert(get_int8() == 0x51, "Only Lua 5.1 is supported.");
				get_int8(); 	-- Oficial bytecode
				big_endian = (get_int8() == 0);
				int_size = get_int8();
				size_t   = get_int8();

				if int_size == 4 then
					get_int = get_int32;
				elseif int_size == 8 then
					get_int = get_int64;
				else
					-- TODO: refactor errors into table
					error("Unsupported bytecode target platform");
				end

				if size_t == 4 then
					get_size_t = get_int32;
				elseif size_t == 8 then
					get_size_t = get_int64;
				else
					error("Unsupported bytecode target platform");
				end

				assert(get_string(3) == "\4\8\0",
					"Unsupported bytecode target platform");
			end

			return decode_chunk();
		end

		local function handle_return(...)
			local c = select("#", ...)
			local t = {...}
			return c, t
		end

		local function create_wrapper(cache, upvalues)
			local instructions = cache.instructions;
			local constants    = cache.constants;
			local prototypes   = cache.prototypes;

			local stack, top
			local environment
			local IP = 1;	-- instruction pointer
			local vararg, vararg_size 

			local opcode_funcs = {
				[0]  = function(instruction)	-- MOVE
					stack[instruction.A] = stack[instruction.B];
				end,
				[1]  = function(instruction)	-- LOADK
					stack[instruction.A] = constants[instruction.Bx].data;
				end,
				[2]  = function(instruction)	-- LOADBOOL
					stack[instruction.A] = instruction.B ~= 0
					if instruction.C ~= 0 then
						IP = IP + 1
					end
				end,
				[3]  = function(instruction)	-- LOADNIL
					local stack = stack
					for i = instruction.A, instruction.B do
						stack[i] = nil
					end
				end,
				[4] = function(instruction)		-- GETUPVAL
					stack[instruction.A] = upvalues[instruction.B]
				end,
				[5]  = function(instruction)	-- GETGLOBAL
					local key = constants[instruction.Bx].data;
					stack[instruction.A] = environment[key];
				end,
				[6]  = function(instruction)	-- GETTABLE
					local C = instruction.C
					local stack = stack
					C = C > 255 and constants[C-256].data or stack[C]
					stack[instruction.A] = stack[instruction.B][C];
				end,
				[7]  = function(instruction)	-- SETGLOBAL
					local key = constants[instruction.Bx].data;
					environment[key] = stack[instruction.A];
				end,
				[8] = function (instruction)	-- SETUPVAL
					upvalues[instruction.B] = stack[instruction.A]
				end,
				[9] = function (instruction)	-- SETTABLE
					local B = instruction.B;
					local C = instruction.C;
					local stack, constants = stack, constants;

					B = B > 255 and constants[B-256].data or stack[B];
					C = C > 255 and constants[C-256].data or stack[C];

					stack[instruction.A][B] = C
				end,
				[10] = function (instruction)	-- NEWTABLE
					stack[instruction.A] = {}
				end,
				[11] = function (instruction)	-- SELF
					local A = instruction.A
					local B = instruction.B
					local C = instruction.C
					local stack = stack

					B = stack[B]
					C = C > 255 and constants[C-256].data or stack[C]

					stack[A+1] = B
					stack[A]   = B[C]
				end,
				[12] = function(instruction)	-- ADD
					local B = instruction.B;
					local C = instruction.C;
					local stack, constants = stack, constants;

					B = B > 255 and constants[B-256].data or stack[B];
					C = C > 255 and constants[C-256].data or stack[C];

					stack[instruction.A] = B+C;
				end,
				[13] = function(instruction)	-- SUB
					local B = instruction.B;
					local C = instruction.C;
					local stack, constants = stack, constants;

					B = B > 255 and constants[B-256].data or stack[B];
					C = C > 255 and constants[C-256].data or stack[C];

					stack[instruction.A] = B - C;	
				end,
				[14] = function(instruction)	-- MUL
					local B = instruction.B;
					local C = instruction.C;
					local stack, constants = stack, constants;

					B = B > 255 and constants[B-256].data or stack[B];
					C = C > 255 and constants[C-256].data or stack[C];

					stack[instruction.A] = B * C;
				end,
				[15] = function(instruction)	--DIV
					local B = instruction.B;
					local C = instruction.C;
					local stack, constants = stack, constants;

					B = B > 255 and constants[B-256].data or stack[B];
					C = C > 255 and constants[C-256].data or stack[C];

					stack[instruction.A] = B / C;
				end,
				[16] = function(instruction) 	-- MOD
					local B = instruction.B;
					local C = instruction.C;
					local stack, constants = stack, constants;

					B = B > 255 and constants[B-256].data or stack[B];
					C = C > 255 and constants[C-256].data or stack[C];

					stack[instruction.A] = B % C;		
				end,
				[17] = function(instruction)	-- POW
					local B = instruction.B;
					local C = instruction.C;
					local stack, constants = stack, constants;

					B = B > 255 and constants[B-256].data or stack[B];
					C = C > 255 and constants[C-256].data or stack[C];

					stack[instruction.A] = B ^ C;		
				end,
				[18] = function(instruction)	-- UNM
					stack[instruction.A] = -stack[instruction.B]
				end,
				[19] = function(instruction)	-- NOT
					stack[instruction.A] = not stack[instruction.B]
				end,
				[20] = function(instruction)	-- LEN
					stack[instruction.A] = #stack[instruction.B]
				end,
				[21] = function(instruction)	-- CONCAT
					local B = instruction.B
					local result = stack[B]
					for i = B+1, instruction.C do
						result = result .. stack[i] 
					end
					stack[instruction.A] = result
				end,
				[22] = function(instruction)	-- JUMP
					IP = IP + instruction.sBx
				end,
				[23] = function(instruction)	-- EQ
					local A = instruction.A
					local B = instruction.B
					local C = instruction.C
					local stack, constants = stack, constants

					A = A ~= 0
					B = B > 255 and constants[B-256].data or stack[B]
					C = C > 255 and constants[C-256].data or stack[C]
					if (B == C) ~= A then
						IP = IP + 1
					end
				end,
				[24] = function(instruction)	-- LT
					local A = instruction.A
					local B = instruction.B
					local C = instruction.C
					local stack, constants = stack, constants

					A = A ~= 0
					B = B > 255 and constants[B-256].data or stack[B]
					C = C > 255 and constants[C-256].data or stack[C]
					if (B < C) ~= A then
						IP = IP + 1
					end		
				end,
				[25] = function(instruction)	-- LT
					local A = instruction.A
					local B = instruction.B
					local C = instruction.C
					local stack, constants = stack, constants

					A = A ~= 0
					B = B > 255 and constants[B-256].data or stack[B]
					C = C > 255 and constants[C-256].data or stack[C]
					if (B <= C) ~= A then
						IP = IP + 1
					end		
				end,
				[26] = function(instruction)	-- TEST
					if stack[instruction.A] == (instruction.C ~= 0) then
						IP = IP + 1
					end
				end,
				[27] = function(instruction)	-- TESTSET
					local stack = stack
					local B = stack[instruction.B]

					if B == (instruction.C ~= 0) then
						IP = IP + 1
					else
						stack[instruction.A] = B
					end
				end,
				[28] = function(instruction)	-- CALL
					local A = instruction.A;
					local B = instruction.B;
					local C = instruction.C;
					local stack = stack;
					local args, results;
					local limit, loop

					args = {};
					if B ~= 1 then
						if B ~= 0 then
							limit = A+B-1;
						else
							limit = top
						end

						loop = 0
						for i = A+1, limit do
							loop = loop + 1
							args[loop] = stack[i];
						end

						limit, results = handle_return(stack[A](unpack(args, 1, limit-A)))
					else
						limit, results = handle_return(stack[A]())
					end

					top = A - 1

					if C ~= 1 then
						if C ~= 0 then
							limit = A+C-2;
						else
							limit = limit+A
						end

						loop = 0;
						for i = A, limit do
							loop = loop + 1;
							stack[i] = results[loop];
						end
					end
				end,
				[29] = function (instruction)	-- TAILCALL
					local A = instruction.A;
					local B = instruction.B;
					local C = instruction.C;
					local stack = stack;
					local args, results;
					local top, limit, loop = top

					args = {};
					if B ~= 1 then
						if B ~= 0 then
							limit = A+B-1;
						else
							limit = top
						end

						loop = 0
						for i = A+1, limit do
							loop = loop + 1
							args[#args+1] = stack[i];
						end

						results = {stack[A](unpack(args, 1, limit-A))};
					else
						results = {stack[A]()};
					end

					return true, results
				end,
				[30] = function(instruction) -- RETURN
					--TODO: CLOSE
					local A = instruction.A;
					local B = instruction.B;
					local stack = stack;
					local limit;
					local loop, output;

					if B == 1 then
						return true;
					end
					if B == 0 then
						limit = top
					else
						limit = A + B - 2;
					end

					output = {};
					local loop = 0
					for i = A, limit do
						loop = loop + 1
						output[loop] = stack[i];
					end
					return true, output;
				end,
				[31] = function(instruction)	-- FORLOOP
					local A = instruction.A
					local stack = stack

					local step = stack[A+2]
					local index = stack[A] + step 
					stack[A] = index

					if step > 0 then
						if index <= stack[A+1] then
							IP = IP + instruction.sBx
							stack[A+3] = index
						end
					else
						if index >= stack[A+1] then
							IP = IP + instruction.sBx
							stack[A+3] = index
						end
					end
				end,
				[32] = function(instruction)	-- FORPREP
					local A = instruction.A
					local stack = stack

					stack[A] = stack[A] - stack[A+2]
					IP = IP + instruction.sBx 
				end,
				[33] = function(instruction)	-- TFORLOOP
					local A = instruction.A
					local B = instruction.B
					local C = instruction.C
					local stack = stack

					local offset = A+2
					local result = {stack[A](stack[A+1], stack[A+2])}
					for i = 1, C do
						stack[offset+i] = result[i]
					end

					if stack[A+3] ~= nil then
						stack[A+2] = stack[A+3]
					else
						IP = IP + 1
					end
				end,
				[34] = function(instruction)	-- SETLIST
					local A = instruction.A
					local B = instruction.B
					local C = instruction.C
					local stack = stack

					if C == 0 then
						error("NYI: extended SETLIST")
					else
						local offset = (C - 1) * 50
						local t = stack[A]

						if B == 0 then
							B = top
						end
						for i = 1, B do
							t[offset+i] = stack[A+i]	
						end				
					end
				end,
				[35] = function(instruction)	-- CLOSE
					--io.stderr:write("NYI: CLOSE")
					--io.stderr:flush()
				end,
				[36] = function(instruction)	-- CLOSURE
					local proto = prototypes[instruction.Bx]
					local instructions = instructions
					local stack = stack

					local indices = {}
					local new_upvals = setmetatable({},
					{
						__index = function(t, k)
							local upval = indices[k]
							return upval.segment[upval.offset]
						end,
						__newindex = function(t, k, v)
							local upval = indices[k]
							upval.segment[upval.offset] = v
						end
					}
					)
					for i = 1, proto.upvalues do
						local movement = instructions[IP]
						if movement.opcode == 0 then -- MOVE
							indices[i-1] = {segment = stack, offset = movement.B}
						elseif instructions[IP].opcode == 4 then -- GETUPVAL
							indices[i-1] = {segment = upvalues, offset = movement.B}
						end
						IP = IP + 1
					end

					local _, func = create_wrapper(proto, new_upvals)
					stack[instruction.A] = func
				end,
				[37] = function(instruction)	-- VARARG
					local A = instruction.A
					local B = instruction.B
					local stack, vararg = stack, vararg

					for i = A, A + (B > 0 and B - 1 or vararg_size) do
						stack[i] = vararg[i - A]
					end
				end,
			}

			local function loop()
				local instructions = instructions
				local instruction, a, b

				while true do
					instruction = instructions[IP];
					IP = IP + 1
					a, b = opcode_funcs[instruction.opcode](instruction);
					if a then
						return b;
					end
				end
			end

			local debugging = {
				get_stack = function()
					return stack;
				end;
				get_IP = function()
					return IP;
				end
			};

			local function func(...)
				local local_stack = {};
				local ghost_stack = {};

				top = -1
				stack = setmetatable(local_stack, {
					__index = ghost_stack;
					__newindex = function(t, k, v)
						if k > top and v then
							top = k
						end
						ghost_stack[k] = v
					end;
				})
				local args = {...};	
				vararg = {}
				vararg_size = select("#", ...) - 1
				for i = 0, vararg_size do
					local_stack[i] = args[i+1];
					vararg[i] = args[i+1]
				end

				environment = getfenv();
				IP = 1;
				local thread = coroutine.create(loop)
				local a, b = coroutine.resume(thread)

				if a then
					if b then
						return unpack(b);
					end
					return;
				else
					if advanced_debug then
						--TODO advanced debugging
					else
						--TODO error converting
						local name = cache.name;
						local line = cache.debug.lines[IP];
						local err  = b:gsub("(.-:)", "");
						local output = "";

						output = output .. (name and name .. ":" or "");
						output = output .. (line and line .. ":" or "");
						output = output .. b
					--[[
					output = ("%s (Instruction=%s)"):format(output, 
						lua_opcode_names[select(2,debug.getlocal(loop,1, 1)).opcode+1])
					--]]
						error(output, 0);
					end
				end
			end

			return debugging, func;
		end

		return {
			load_bytecode = function(bytecode,env)
				local cache = decode_bytecode(bytecode);
				local _, func = create_wrapper(cache);
				return func;
			end;

			-- Utilities (Debug, Introspection, Testing, etc)
			utils = {
				decode_bytecode = decode_bytecode;
				create_wrapper = create_wrapper;
				debug_bytecode = function(bytecode)
					local cache = decode_bytecode(bytecode)
					return create_wrapper(cache);
				end;
			};
		}
	end

	LuaP = function()
		--[[--------------------------------------------------------------------

		  lopcodes.lua
		  Lua 5 virtual machine opcodes in Lua
		  This file is part of Yueliang.

		  Copyright (c) 2006 Kein-Hong Man <khman@users.sf.net>
		  The COPYRIGHT file describes the conditions
		  under which this software may be distributed.

		  See the ChangeLog for more information.

		----------------------------------------------------------------------]]

		--[[--------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- Notes:
		-- * an Instruction is a table with OP, A, B, C, Bx elements; this
		--   makes the code easy to follow and should allow instruction handling
		--   to work with doubles and ints
		-- * WARNING luaP:Instruction outputs instructions encoded in little-
		--   endian form and field size and positions are hard-coded
		--
		-- Not implemented:
		-- *
		--
		-- Added:
		-- * luaP:CREATE_Inst(c): create an inst from a number (for OP_SETLIST)
		-- * luaP:Instruction(i): convert field elements to a 4-char string
		-- * luaP:DecodeInst(x): convert 4-char string into field elements
		--
		-- Changed in 5.1.x:
		-- * POS_OP added, instruction field positions changed
		-- * some symbol names may have changed, e.g. LUAI_BITSINT
		-- * new operators for RK indices: BITRK, ISK(x), INDEXK(r), RKASK(x)
		-- * OP_MOD, OP_LEN is new
		-- * OP_TEST is now OP_TESTSET, OP_TEST is new
		-- * OP_FORLOOP, OP_TFORLOOP adjusted, OP_FORPREP is new
		-- * OP_TFORPREP deleted
		-- * OP_SETLIST and OP_SETLISTO merged and extended
		-- * OP_VARARG is new
		-- * many changes to implementation of OpMode data
		----------------------------------------------------------------------]]

		local luaP = {}

		--[[
		===========================================================================
		  We assume that instructions are unsigned numbers.
		  All instructions have an opcode in the first 6 bits.
		  Instructions can have the following fields:
		        'A' : 8 bits
		        'B' : 9 bits
		        'C' : 9 bits
		        'Bx' : 18 bits ('B' and 'C' together)
		        'sBx' : signed Bx

		  A signed argument is represented in excess K; that is, the number
		  value is the unsigned value minus K. K is exactly the maximum value
		  for that argument (so that -max is represented by 0, and +max is
		  represented by 2*max), which is half the maximum for the corresponding
		  unsigned argument.
		===========================================================================
		--]]

		luaP.OpMode = { iABC = 0, iABx = 1, iAsBx = 2 }  -- basic instruction format

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- size and position of opcode arguments.
		-- * WARNING size and position is hard-coded elsewhere in this script
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		luaP.SIZE_C  = 9
		luaP.SIZE_B  = 9
		luaP.SIZE_Bx = luaP.SIZE_C + luaP.SIZE_B
		luaP.SIZE_A  = 8

		luaP.SIZE_OP = 6

		luaP.POS_OP = 0
		luaP.POS_A  = luaP.POS_OP + luaP.SIZE_OP
		luaP.POS_C  = luaP.POS_A + luaP.SIZE_A
		luaP.POS_B  = luaP.POS_C + luaP.SIZE_C
		luaP.POS_Bx = luaP.POS_C

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- limits for opcode arguments.
		-- we use (signed) int to manipulate most arguments,
		-- so they must fit in LUAI_BITSINT-1 bits (-1 for sign)
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- removed "#if SIZE_Bx < BITS_INT-1" test, assume this script is
		-- running on a Lua VM with double or int as LUA_NUMBER

		luaP.MAXARG_Bx  = math.ldexp(1, luaP.SIZE_Bx) - 1
		luaP.MAXARG_sBx = math.floor(luaP.MAXARG_Bx / 2)  -- 'sBx' is signed

		luaP.MAXARG_A = math.ldexp(1, luaP.SIZE_A) - 1
		luaP.MAXARG_B = math.ldexp(1, luaP.SIZE_B) - 1
		luaP.MAXARG_C = math.ldexp(1, luaP.SIZE_C) - 1

		-- creates a mask with 'n' 1 bits at position 'p'
		-- MASK1(n,p) deleted, not required
		-- creates a mask with 'n' 0 bits at position 'p'
		-- MASK0(n,p) deleted, not required

		--[[--------------------------------------------------------------------
		  Visual representation for reference:

		   31    |    |     |            0      bit position
		    +-----+-----+-----+----------+
		    |  B  |  C  |  A  |  Opcode  |      iABC format
		    +-----+-----+-----+----------+
		    -  9  -  9  -  8  -    6     -      field sizes
		    +-----+-----+-----+----------+
		    |   [s]Bx   |  A  |  Opcode  |      iABx | iAsBx format
		    +-----+-----+-----+----------+

		----------------------------------------------------------------------]]

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- the following macros help to manipulate instructions
		-- * changed to a table object representation, very clean compared to
		--   the [nightmare] alternatives of using a number or a string
		-- * Bx is a separate element from B and C, since there is never a need
		--   to split Bx in the parser or code generator
		------------------------------------------------------------------------

		-- these accept or return opcodes in the form of string names
		function luaP:GET_OPCODE(i) return self.ROpCode[i.OP] end
		function luaP:SET_OPCODE(i, o) i.OP = self.OpCode[o] end

		function luaP:GETARG_A(i) return i.A end
		function luaP:SETARG_A(i, u) i.A = u end

		function luaP:GETARG_B(i) return i.B end
		function luaP:SETARG_B(i, b) i.B = b end

		function luaP:GETARG_C(i) return i.C end
		function luaP:SETARG_C(i, b) i.C = b end

		function luaP:GETARG_Bx(i) return i.Bx end
		function luaP:SETARG_Bx(i, b) i.Bx = b end

		function luaP:GETARG_sBx(i) return i.Bx - self.MAXARG_sBx end
		function luaP:SETARG_sBx(i, b) i.Bx = b + self.MAXARG_sBx end

		function luaP:CREATE_ABC(o,a,b,c)
			return {OP = self.OpCode[o], A = a, B = b, C = c}
		end

		function luaP:CREATE_ABx(o,a,bc)
			return {OP = self.OpCode[o], A = a, Bx = bc}
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- create an instruction from a number (for OP_SETLIST)
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaP:CREATE_Inst(c)
			local o = c % 64
			c = (c - o) / 64
			local a = c % 256
			c = (c - a) / 256
			return self:CREATE_ABx(o, a, c)
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- returns a 4-char string little-endian encoded form of an instruction
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaP:Instruction(i)
			if i.Bx then
				-- change to OP/A/B/C format
				i.C = i.Bx % 512
				i.B = (i.Bx - i.C) / 512
			end
			local I = i.A * 64 + i.OP
			local c0 = I % 256
			I = i.C * 64 + (I - c0) / 256  -- 6 bits of A left
			local c1 = I % 256
			I = i.B * 128 + (I - c1) / 256  -- 7 bits of C left
			local c2 = I % 256
			local c3 = (I - c2) / 256
			return string.char(c0, c1, c2, c3)
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- decodes a 4-char little-endian string into an instruction struct
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaP:DecodeInst(x)
			local byte = string.byte
			local i = {}
			local I = byte(x, 1)
			local op = I % 64
			i.OP = op
			I = byte(x, 2) * 4 + (I - op) / 64  -- 2 bits of c0 left
			local a = I % 256
			i.A = a
			I = byte(x, 3) * 4 + (I - a) / 256  -- 2 bits of c1 left
			local c = I % 512
			i.C = c
			i.B = byte(x, 4) * 2 + (I - c) / 512 -- 1 bits of c2 left
			local opmode = self.OpMode[tonumber(string.sub(self.opmodes[op + 1], 7, 7))]
			if opmode ~= "iABC" then
				i.Bx = i.B * 512 + i.C
			end
			return i
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- Macros to operate RK indices
		-- * these use arithmetic instead of bit ops
		------------------------------------------------------------------------

		-- this bit 1 means constant (0 means register)
		luaP.BITRK = math.ldexp(1, luaP.SIZE_B - 1)

		-- test whether value is a constant
		function luaP:ISK(x) return x >= self.BITRK end

		-- gets the index of the constant
		function luaP:INDEXK(x) return x - self.BITRK end

		luaP.MAXINDEXRK = luaP.BITRK - 1

		-- code a constant index as a RK value
		function luaP:RKASK(x) return x + self.BITRK end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- invalid register that fits in 8 bits
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		luaP.NO_REG = luaP.MAXARG_A

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- R(x) - register
		-- Kst(x) - constant (in constant table)
		-- RK(x) == if ISK(x) then Kst(INDEXK(x)) else R(x)
		------------------------------------------------------------------------

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- grep "ORDER OP" if you change these enums
		------------------------------------------------------------------------

		--[[--------------------------------------------------------------------
		Lua virtual machine opcodes (enum OpCode):
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		name          args    description
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		OP_MOVE       A B     R(A) := R(B)
		OP_LOADK      A Bx    R(A) := Kst(Bx)
		OP_LOADBOOL   A B C   R(A) := (Bool)B; if (C) pc++
		OP_LOADNIL    A B     R(A) := ... := R(B) := nil
		OP_GETUPVAL   A B     R(A) := UpValue[B]
		OP_GETGLOBAL  A Bx    R(A) := Gbl[Kst(Bx)]
		OP_GETTABLE   A B C   R(A) := R(B)[RK(C)]
		OP_SETGLOBAL  A Bx    Gbl[Kst(Bx)] := R(A)
		OP_SETUPVAL   A B     UpValue[B] := R(A)
		OP_SETTABLE   A B C   R(A)[RK(B)] := RK(C)
		OP_NEWTABLE   A B C   R(A) := {} (size = B,C)
		OP_SELF       A B C   R(A+1) := R(B); R(A) := R(B)[RK(C)]
		OP_ADD        A B C   R(A) := RK(B) + RK(C)
		OP_SUB        A B C   R(A) := RK(B) - RK(C)
		OP_MUL        A B C   R(A) := RK(B) * RK(C)
		OP_DIV        A B C   R(A) := RK(B) / RK(C)
		OP_MOD        A B C   R(A) := RK(B) % RK(C)
		OP_POW        A B C   R(A) := RK(B) ^ RK(C)
		OP_UNM        A B     R(A) := -R(B)
		OP_NOT        A B     R(A) := not R(B)
		OP_LEN        A B     R(A) := length of R(B)
		OP_CONCAT     A B C   R(A) := R(B).. ... ..R(C)
		OP_JMP        sBx     pc+=sBx
		OP_EQ         A B C   if ((RK(B) == RK(C)) ~= A) then pc++
		OP_LT         A B C   if ((RK(B) <  RK(C)) ~= A) then pc++
		OP_LE         A B C   if ((RK(B) <= RK(C)) ~= A) then pc++
		OP_TEST       A C     if not (R(A) <=> C) then pc++
		OP_TESTSET    A B C   if (R(B) <=> C) then R(A) := R(B) else pc++
		OP_CALL       A B C   R(A), ... ,R(A+C-2) := R(A)(R(A+1), ... ,R(A+B-1))
		OP_TAILCALL   A B C   return R(A)(R(A+1), ... ,R(A+B-1))
		OP_RETURN     A B     return R(A), ... ,R(A+B-2)  (see note)
		OP_FORLOOP    A sBx   R(A)+=R(A+2);
		                      if R(A) <?= R(A+1) then { pc+=sBx; R(A+3)=R(A) }
		OP_FORPREP    A sBx   R(A)-=R(A+2); pc+=sBx
		OP_TFORLOOP   A C     R(A+3), ... ,R(A+2+C) := R(A)(R(A+1), R(A+2));
		                      if R(A+3) ~= nil then R(A+2)=R(A+3) else pc++
		OP_SETLIST    A B C   R(A)[(C-1)*FPF+i] := R(A+i), 1 <= i <= B
		OP_CLOSE      A       close all variables in the stack up to (>=) R(A)
		OP_CLOSURE    A Bx    R(A) := closure(KPROTO[Bx], R(A), ... ,R(A+n))
		OP_VARARG     A B     R(A), R(A+1), ..., R(A+B-1) = vararg
		----------------------------------------------------------------------]]

		luaP.opnames = {}  -- opcode names
		luaP.OpCode = {}   -- lookup name -> number
		luaP.ROpCode = {}  -- lookup number -> name

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- ORDER OP
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		local i = 0
		for v in string.gmatch([[
	MOVE LOADK LOADBOOL LOADNIL GETUPVAL
	GETGLOBAL GETTABLE SETGLOBAL SETUPVAL SETTABLE
	NEWTABLE SELF ADD SUB MUL
	DIV MOD POW UNM NOT
	LEN CONCAT JMP EQ LT
	LE TEST TESTSET CALL TAILCALL
	RETURN FORLOOP FORPREP TFORLOOP SETLIST
	CLOSE CLOSURE VARARG
	]], "%S+") do
			local n = "OP_"..v
			luaP.opnames[i] = v
			luaP.OpCode[n] = i
			luaP.ROpCode[i] = n
			i = i + 1
		end
		luaP.NUM_OPCODES = i

		--[[
		===========================================================================
		  Notes:
		  (*) In OP_CALL, if (B == 0) then B = top. C is the number of returns - 1,
		      and can be 0: OP_CALL then sets 'top' to last_result+1, so
		      next open instruction (OP_CALL, OP_RETURN, OP_SETLIST) may use 'top'.
		  (*) In OP_VARARG, if (B == 0) then use actual number of varargs and
		      set top (like in OP_CALL with C == 0).
		  (*) In OP_RETURN, if (B == 0) then return up to 'top'
		  (*) In OP_SETLIST, if (B == 0) then B = 'top';
		      if (C == 0) then next 'instruction' is real C
		  (*) For comparisons, A specifies what condition the test should accept
		      (true or false).
		  (*) All 'skips' (pc++) assume that next instruction is a jump
		===========================================================================
		--]]

		--[[--------------------------------------------------------------------
		  masks for instruction properties. The format is:
		  bits 0-1: op mode
		  bits 2-3: C arg mode
		  bits 4-5: B arg mode
		  bit 6: instruction set register A
		  bit 7: operator is a test

		  for OpArgMask:
		  OpArgN - argument is not used
		  OpArgU - argument is used
		  OpArgR - argument is a register or a jump offset
		  OpArgK - argument is a constant or register/constant
		----------------------------------------------------------------------]]

		-- was enum OpArgMask
		luaP.OpArgMask = { OpArgN = 0, OpArgU = 1, OpArgR = 2, OpArgK = 3 }

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- e.g. to compare with symbols, luaP:getOpMode(...) == luaP.OpCode.iABC
		-- * accepts opcode parameter as strings, e.g. "OP_MOVE"
		------------------------------------------------------------------------

		function luaP:getOpMode(m)
			return self.opmodes[self.OpCode[m]] % 4
		end

		function luaP:getBMode(m)
			return math.floor(self.opmodes[self.OpCode[m]] / 16) % 4
		end

		function luaP:getCMode(m)
			return math.floor(self.opmodes[self.OpCode[m]] / 4) % 4
		end

		function luaP:testAMode(m)
			return math.floor(self.opmodes[self.OpCode[m]] / 64) % 2
		end

		function luaP:testTMode(m)
			return math.floor(self.opmodes[self.OpCode[m]] / 128)
		end

		-- luaP_opnames[] is set above, as the luaP.opnames table

		-- number of list items to accumulate before a SETLIST instruction
		luaP.LFIELDS_PER_FLUSH = 50

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- build instruction properties array
		-- * deliberately coded to look like the C equivalent
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		local function opmode(t, a, b, c, m)
			local luaP = luaP
			return t * 128 + a * 64 +
				luaP.OpArgMask[b] * 16 + luaP.OpArgMask[c] * 4 + luaP.OpMode[m]
		end

		-- ORDER OP
		luaP.opmodes = {
			-- T A B C mode opcode
			opmode(0, 1, "OpArgK", "OpArgN", "iABx"),     -- OP_LOADK
			opmode(0, 1, "OpArgU", "OpArgU", "iABC"),     -- OP_LOADBOOL
			opmode(0, 1, "OpArgR", "OpArgN", "iABC"),     -- OP_LOADNIL
			opmode(0, 1, "OpArgU", "OpArgN", "iABC"),     -- OP_GETUPVAL
			opmode(0, 1, "OpArgK", "OpArgN", "iABx"),     -- OP_GETGLOBAL
			opmode(0, 1, "OpArgR", "OpArgK", "iABC"),     -- OP_GETTABLE
			opmode(0, 0, "OpArgK", "OpArgN", "iABx"),     -- OP_SETGLOBAL
			opmode(0, 0, "OpArgU", "OpArgN", "iABC"),     -- OP_SETUPVAL
			opmode(0, 0, "OpArgK", "OpArgK", "iABC"),     -- OP_SETTABLE
			opmode(0, 1, "OpArgU", "OpArgU", "iABC"),     -- OP_NEWTABLE
			opmode(0, 1, "OpArgR", "OpArgK", "iABC"),     -- OP_SELF
			opmode(0, 1, "OpArgK", "OpArgK", "iABC"),     -- OP_ADD
			opmode(0, 1, "OpArgK", "OpArgK", "iABC"),     -- OP_SUB
			opmode(0, 1, "OpArgK", "OpArgK", "iABC"),     -- OP_MUL
			opmode(0, 1, "OpArgK", "OpArgK", "iABC"),     -- OP_DIV
			opmode(0, 1, "OpArgK", "OpArgK", "iABC"),     -- OP_MOD
			opmode(0, 1, "OpArgK", "OpArgK", "iABC"),     -- OP_POW
			opmode(0, 1, "OpArgR", "OpArgN", "iABC"),     -- OP_UNM
			opmode(0, 1, "OpArgR", "OpArgN", "iABC"),     -- OP_NOT
			opmode(0, 1, "OpArgR", "OpArgN", "iABC"),     -- OP_LEN
			opmode(0, 1, "OpArgR", "OpArgR", "iABC"),     -- OP_CONCAT
			opmode(0, 0, "OpArgR", "OpArgN", "iAsBx"),    -- OP_JMP
			opmode(1, 0, "OpArgK", "OpArgK", "iABC"),     -- OP_EQ
			opmode(1, 0, "OpArgK", "OpArgK", "iABC"),     -- OP_LT
			opmode(1, 0, "OpArgK", "OpArgK", "iABC"),     -- OP_LE
			opmode(1, 1, "OpArgR", "OpArgU", "iABC"),     -- OP_TEST
			opmode(1, 1, "OpArgR", "OpArgU", "iABC"),     -- OP_TESTSET
			opmode(0, 1, "OpArgU", "OpArgU", "iABC"),     -- OP_CALL
			opmode(0, 1, "OpArgU", "OpArgU", "iABC"),     -- OP_TAILCALL
			opmode(0, 0, "OpArgU", "OpArgN", "iABC"),     -- OP_RETURN
			opmode(0, 1, "OpArgR", "OpArgN", "iAsBx"),    -- OP_FORLOOP
			opmode(0, 1, "OpArgR", "OpArgN", "iAsBx"),    -- OP_FORPREP
			opmode(1, 0, "OpArgN", "OpArgU", "iABC"),     -- OP_TFORLOOP
			opmode(0, 0, "OpArgU", "OpArgU", "iABC"),     -- OP_SETLIST
			opmode(0, 0, "OpArgN", "OpArgN", "iABC"),     -- OP_CLOSE
			opmode(0, 1, "OpArgU", "OpArgN", "iABx"),     -- OP_CLOSURE
			opmode(0, 1, "OpArgU", "OpArgN", "iABC"),     -- OP_VARARG
		}
		-- an awkward way to set a zero-indexed table...
		luaP.opmodes[0] =
			opmode(0, 1, "OpArgR", "OpArgN", "iABC")      -- OP_MOVE

		return luaP
	end

	LuaZ = function()
		--[[--------------------------------------------------------------------

		  lzio.lua
		  Lua buffered streams in Lua
		  This file is part of Yueliang.

		  Copyright (c) 2005-2006 Kein-Hong Man <khman@users.sf.net>
		  The COPYRIGHT file describes the conditions
		  under which this software may be distributed.

		  See the ChangeLog for more information.

		----------------------------------------------------------------------]]

		--[[--------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- Notes:
		-- * EOZ is implemented as a string, "EOZ"
		-- * Format of z structure (ZIO)
		--     z.n       -- bytes still unread
		--     z.p       -- last read position position in buffer
		--     z.reader  -- chunk reader function
		--     z.data    -- additional data
		-- * Current position, p, is now last read index instead of a pointer
		--
		-- Not implemented:
		-- * luaZ_lookahead: used only in lapi.c:lua_load to detect binary chunk
		-- * luaZ_read: used only in lundump.c:ezread to read +1 bytes
		-- * luaZ_openspace: dropped; let Lua handle buffers as strings (used in
		--   lundump.c:LoadString & lvm.c:luaV_concat)
		-- * luaZ buffer macros: dropped; buffers are handled as strings
		-- * lauxlib.c:getF reader implementation has an extraline flag to
		--   skip over a shbang (#!) line, this is not implemented here
		--
		-- Added:
		-- (both of the following are vaguely adapted from lauxlib.c)
		-- * luaZ:make_getS: create Reader from a string
		-- * luaZ:make_getF: create Reader that reads from a file
		--
		-- Changed in 5.1.x:
		-- * Chunkreader renamed to Reader (ditto with Chunkwriter)
		-- * Zio struct: no more name string, added Lua state for reader
		--   (however, Yueliang readers do not require a Lua state)
		----------------------------------------------------------------------]]

		local luaZ = {}

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- * reader() should return a string, or nil if nothing else to parse.
		--   Additional data can be set only during stream initialization
		-- * Readers are handled in lauxlib.c, see luaL_load(file|buffer|string)
		-- * LUAL_BUFFERSIZE=BUFSIZ=512 in make_getF() (located in luaconf.h)
		-- * Original Reader typedef:
		--   const char * (*lua_Reader) (lua_State *L, void *ud, size_t *sz);
		-- * This Lua chunk reader implementation:
		--   returns string or nil, no arguments to function
		------------------------------------------------------------------------

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- create a chunk reader from a source string
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaZ:make_getS(buff)
			local b = buff
			return function() -- chunk reader anonymous function here
				if not b then return nil end
				local data = b
				b = nil
				return data
			end
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- create a chunk reader from a source file
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		--[[
		function luaZ:make_getF(filename)
		  local LUAL_BUFFERSIZE = 512
		  local h = io.open(filename, "r")
		  if not h then return nil end
		  return function() -- chunk reader anonymous function here
		    if not h or io.type(h) == "closed file" then return nil end
		    local buff = h:read(LUAL_BUFFERSIZE)
		    if not buff then h:close(); h = nil end
		    return buff
		  end
		end
		--]]
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- creates a zio input stream
		-- returns the ZIO structure, z
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaZ:init(reader, data, name)
			if not reader then return end
			local z = {}
			z.reader = reader
			z.data = data or ""
			z.name = name
			-- set up additional data for reading
			if not data or data == "" then z.n = 0 else z.n = #data end
			z.p = 0
			return z
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- fill up input buffer
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaZ:fill(z)
			local buff = z.reader()
			z.data = buff
			if not buff or buff == "" then return "EOZ" end
			z.n, z.p = #buff - 1, 1
			return string.sub(buff, 1, 1)
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- get next character from the input stream
		-- * local n, p are used to optimize code generation
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaZ:zgetc(z)
			local n, p = z.n, z.p + 1
			if n > 0 then
				z.n, z.p = n - 1, p
				return string.sub(z.data, p, p)
			else
				return self:fill(z)
			end
		end

		return luaZ
	end

	LuaX = function()
		--[[--------------------------------------------------------------------

		  llex.lua
		  Lua lexical analyzer in Lua
		  This file is part of Yueliang.

		  Copyright (c) 2005-2006 Kein-Hong Man <khman@users.sf.net>
		  The COPYRIGHT file describes the conditions
		  under which this software may be distributed.

		  See the ChangeLog for more information.

		----------------------------------------------------------------------]]

		--[[--------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- Notes:
		-- * intended to 'imitate' llex.c code; performance is not a concern
		-- * tokens are strings; code structure largely retained
		-- * deleted stuff (compared to llex.c) are noted, comments retained
		-- * nextc() returns the currently read character to simplify coding
		--   here; next() in llex.c does not return anything
		-- * compatibility code is marked with "--#" comments
		--
		-- Added:
		-- * luaX:chunkid (function luaO_chunkid from lobject.c)
		-- * luaX:str2d (function luaO_str2d from lobject.c)
		-- * luaX.LUA_QS used in luaX:lexerror (from luaconf.h)
		-- * luaX.LUA_COMPAT_LSTR in luaX:read_long_string (from luaconf.h)
		-- * luaX.MAX_INT used in luaX:inclinenumber (from llimits.h)
		--
		-- To use the lexer:
		-- (1) luaX:init() to initialize the lexer
		-- (2) luaX:setinput() to set the input stream to lex
		-- (3) call luaX:next() or luaX:luaX:lookahead() to get tokens,
		--     until "TK_EOS": luaX:next()
		-- * since EOZ is returned as a string, be careful when regexp testing
		--
		-- Not implemented:
		-- * luaX_newstring: not required by this Lua implementation
		-- * buffer MAX_SIZET size limit (from llimits.h) test not implemented
		--   in the interest of performance
		-- * locale-aware number handling is largely redundant as Lua's
		--   tonumber() function is already capable of this
		--
		-- Changed in 5.1.x:
		-- * TK_NAME token order moved down
		-- * string representation for TK_NAME, TK_NUMBER, TK_STRING changed
		-- * token struct renamed to lower case (LS -> ls)
		-- * LexState struct: removed nestlevel, added decpoint
		-- * error message functions have been greatly simplified
		-- * token2string renamed to luaX_tokens, exposed in llex.h
		-- * lexer now handles all kinds of newlines, including CRLF
		-- * shbang first line handling removed from luaX:setinput;
		--   it is now done in lauxlib.c (luaL_loadfile)
		-- * next(ls) macro renamed to nextc(ls) due to new luaX_next function
		-- * EXTRABUFF and MAXNOCHECK removed due to lexer changes
		-- * checkbuffer(ls, len) macro deleted
		-- * luaX:read_numeral now has 3 support functions: luaX:trydecpoint,
		--   luaX:buffreplace and (luaO_str2d from lobject.c) luaX:str2d
		-- * luaX:read_numeral is now more promiscuous in slurping characters;
		--   hexadecimal numbers was added, locale-aware decimal points too
		-- * luaX:skip_sep is new; used by luaX:read_long_string
		-- * luaX:read_long_string handles new-style long blocks, with some
		--   optional compatibility code
		-- * luaX:llex: parts changed to support new-style long blocks
		-- * luaX:llex: readname functionality has been folded in
		-- * luaX:llex: removed test for control characters
		--
		--------------------------------------------------------------------]]

		local luaZ = require(script.Parent.LuaZ)

		local luaX = {}

		-- FIRST_RESERVED is not required as tokens are manipulated as strings
		-- TOKEN_LEN deleted; maximum length of a reserved word not needed

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- "ORDER RESERVED" deleted; enumeration in one place: luaX.RESERVED
		------------------------------------------------------------------------

		-- terminal symbols denoted by reserved words: TK_AND to TK_WHILE
		-- other terminal symbols: TK_NAME to TK_EOS
		luaX.RESERVED = [[
		TK_AND and
		TK_BREAK break
		TK_DO do
		TK_ELSE else
		TK_ELSEIF elseif
		TK_END end
		TK_FALSE false
		TK_FOR for
		TK_FUNCTION function
		TK_IF if
		TK_IN in
		TK_LOCAL local
		TK_NIL nil
		TK_NOT not
		TK_OR or
		TK_REPEAT repeat
		TK_RETURN return
		TK_THEN then
		TK_TRUE true
		TK_UNTIL until
		TK_WHILE while
		TK_CONCAT ..
		TK_DOTS ...
		TK_EQ ==
		TK_GE >=
		TK_LE <=
		TK_NE ~=
		TK_NAME <name>
		TK_NUMBER <number>
		TK_STRING <string>
		TK_EOS <eof>]]

		-- NUM_RESERVED is not required; number of reserved words

		--[[--------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- Instead of passing seminfo, the Token struct (e.g. ls.t) is passed
		-- so that lexer functions can use its table element, ls.t.seminfo
		--
		-- SemInfo (struct no longer needed, a mixed-type value is used)
		--
		-- Token (struct of ls.t and ls.lookahead):
		--   token  -- token symbol
		--   seminfo  -- semantics information
		--
		-- LexState (struct of ls; ls is initialized by luaX:setinput):
		--   current  -- current character (charint)
		--   linenumber  -- input line counter
		--   lastline  -- line of last token 'consumed'
		--   t  -- current token (table: struct Token)
		--   lookahead  -- look ahead token (table: struct Token)
		--   fs  -- 'FuncState' is private to the parser
		--   L -- LuaState
		--   z  -- input stream
		--   buff  -- buffer for tokens
		--   source  -- current source name
		--   decpoint -- locale decimal point
		--   nestlevel  -- level of nested non-terminals
		----------------------------------------------------------------------]]

		-- luaX.tokens (was luaX_tokens) is now a hash; see luaX:init

		luaX.MAXSRC = 80
		luaX.MAX_INT = 2147483645       -- constants from elsewhere (see above)
		luaX.LUA_QS = "'%s'"
		luaX.LUA_COMPAT_LSTR = 1
		--luaX.MAX_SIZET = 4294967293

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- initialize lexer
		-- * original luaX_init has code to create and register token strings
		-- * luaX.tokens: TK_* -> token
		-- * luaX.enums:  token -> TK_* (used in luaX:llex)
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaX:init()
			local tokens, enums = {}, {}
			for v in string.gmatch(self.RESERVED, "[^\n]+") do
				local _, _, tok, str = string.find(v, "(%S+)%s+(%S+)")
				tokens[tok] = str
				enums[str] = tok
			end
			self.tokens = tokens
			self.enums = enums
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- returns a suitably-formatted chunk name or id
		-- * from lobject.c, used in llex.c and ldebug.c
		-- * the result, out, is returned (was first argument)
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaX:chunkid(source, bufflen)
			local out
			local first = string.sub(source, 1, 1)
			if first == "=" then
				out = string.sub(source, 2, bufflen)  -- remove first char
			else  -- out = "source", or "...source"
				if first == "@" then
					source = string.sub(source, 2)  -- skip the '@'
					bufflen = bufflen - #" '...' "
					local l = #source
					out = ""
					if l > bufflen then
						source = string.sub(source, 1 + l - bufflen)  -- get last part of file name
						out = out.."..."
					end
					out = out..source
				else  -- out = [string "string"]
					local len = string.find(source, "[\n\r]")  -- stop at first newline
					len = len and (len - 1) or #source
					bufflen = bufflen - #(" [string \"...\"] ")
					if len > bufflen then len = bufflen end
					out = "[string \""
					if len < #source then  -- must truncate?
						out = out..string.sub(source, 1, len).."..."
					else
						out = out..source
					end
					out = out.."\"]"
				end
			end
			return out
		end

		--[[--------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- Support functions for lexer
		-- * all lexer errors eventually reaches lexerror:
		     syntaxerror -> lexerror
		----------------------------------------------------------------------]]

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- look up token and return keyword if found (also called by parser)
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaX:token2str(ls, token)
			if string.sub(token, 1, 3) ~= "TK_" then
				if string.find(token, "%c") then
					return string.format("char(%d)", string.byte(token))
				end
				return token
			else
			end
			return self.tokens[token]
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- throws a lexer error
		-- * txtToken has been made local to luaX:lexerror
		-- * can't communicate LUA_ERRSYNTAX, so it is unimplemented
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaX:lexerror(ls, msg, token)
			local function txtToken(ls, token)
				if token == "TK_NAME" or
					token == "TK_STRING" or
					token == "TK_NUMBER" then
					return ls.buff
				else
					return self:token2str(ls, token)
				end
			end
			local buff = self:chunkid(ls.source, self.MAXSRC)
			local msg = string.format("%s:%d: %s", buff, ls.linenumber, msg)
			if token then
				msg = string.format("%s near "..self.LUA_QS, msg, txtToken(ls, token))
			end
			-- luaD_throw(ls->L, LUA_ERRSYNTAX)
			error(msg)
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- throws a syntax error (mainly called by parser)
		-- * ls.t.token has to be set by the function calling luaX:llex
		--   (see luaX:next and luaX:lookahead elsewhere in this file)
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaX:syntaxerror(ls, msg)
			self:lexerror(ls, msg, ls.t.token)
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- move on to next line
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaX:currIsNewline(ls)
			return ls.current == "\n" or ls.current == "\r"
		end

		function luaX:inclinenumber(ls)
			local old = ls.current
			-- lua_assert(currIsNewline(ls))
			self:nextc(ls)  -- skip '\n' or '\r'
			if self:currIsNewline(ls) and ls.current ~= old then
				self:nextc(ls)  -- skip '\n\r' or '\r\n'
			end
			ls.linenumber = ls.linenumber + 1
			if ls.linenumber >= self.MAX_INT then
				self:syntaxerror(ls, "chunk has too many lines")
			end
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- initializes an input stream for lexing
		-- * if ls (the lexer state) is passed as a table, then it is filled in,
		--   otherwise it has to be retrieved as a return value
		-- * LUA_MINBUFFER not used; buffer handling not required any more
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaX:setinput(L, ls, z, source)
			if not ls then ls = {} end  -- create struct
			if not ls.lookahead then ls.lookahead = {} end
			if not ls.t then ls.t = {} end
			ls.decpoint = "."
			ls.L = L
			ls.lookahead.token = "TK_EOS"  -- no look-ahead token
			ls.z = z
			ls.fs = nil
			ls.linenumber = 1
			ls.lastline = 1
			ls.source = source
			self:nextc(ls)  -- read first char
		end

		--[[--------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- LEXICAL ANALYZER
		----------------------------------------------------------------------]]

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- checks if current character read is found in the set 'set'
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaX:check_next(ls, set)
			if not string.find(set, ls.current, 1, 1) then
				return false
			end
			self:save_and_next(ls)
			return true
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- retrieve next token, checking the lookahead buffer if necessary
		-- * note that the macro next(ls) in llex.c is now luaX:nextc
		-- * utilized used in lparser.c (various places)
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaX:next(ls)
			ls.lastline = ls.linenumber
			if ls.lookahead.token ~= "TK_EOS" then  -- is there a look-ahead token?
				-- this must be copy-by-value
				ls.t.seminfo = ls.lookahead.seminfo  -- use this one
				ls.t.token = ls.lookahead.token
				ls.lookahead.token = "TK_EOS"  -- and discharge it
			else
				ls.t.token = self:llex(ls, ls.t)  -- read next token
			end
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- fill in the lookahead buffer
		-- * utilized used in lparser.c:constructor
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaX:lookahead(ls)
			-- lua_assert(ls.lookahead.token == "TK_EOS")
			ls.lookahead.token = self:llex(ls, ls.lookahead)
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- gets the next character and returns it
		-- * this is the next() macro in llex.c; see notes at the beginning
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaX:nextc(ls)
			local c = luaZ:zgetc(ls.z)
			ls.current = c
			return c
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- saves the given character into the token buffer
		-- * buffer handling code removed, not used in this implementation
		-- * test for maximum token buffer length not used, makes things faster
		------------------------------------------------------------------------

		function luaX:save(ls, c)
			local buff = ls.buff
			-- if you want to use this, please uncomment luaX.MAX_SIZET further up
			--if #buff > self.MAX_SIZET then
			--  self:lexerror(ls, "lexical element too long")
			--end
			ls.buff = buff..c
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- save current character into token buffer, grabs next character
		-- * like luaX:nextc, returns the character read for convenience
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaX:save_and_next(ls)
			self:save(ls, ls.current)
			return self:nextc(ls)
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- LUA_NUMBER
		-- * luaX:read_numeral is the main lexer function to read a number
		-- * luaX:str2d, luaX:buffreplace, luaX:trydecpoint are support functions
		------------------------------------------------------------------------

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- string to number converter (was luaO_str2d from lobject.c)
		-- * returns the number, nil if fails (originally returns a boolean)
		-- * conversion function originally lua_str2number(s,p), a macro which
		--   maps to the strtod() function by default (from luaconf.h)
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaX:str2d(s)
			local result = tonumber(s)
			if result then return result end
			-- conversion failed
			if string.lower(string.sub(s, 1, 2)) == "0x" then  -- maybe an hexadecimal constant?
				result = tonumber(s, 16)
				if result then return result end  -- most common case
				-- Was: invalid trailing characters?
				-- In C, this function then skips over trailing spaces.
				-- true is returned if nothing else is found except for spaces.
				-- If there is still something else, then it returns a false.
				-- All this is not necessary using Lua's tonumber.
			end
			return nil
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- single-character replacement, for locale-aware decimal points
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaX:buffreplace(ls, from, to)
			local result, buff = "", ls.buff
			for p = 1, #buff do
				local c = string.sub(buff, p, p)
				if c == from then c = to end
				result = result..c
			end
			ls.buff = result
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- Attempt to convert a number by translating '.' decimal points to
		-- the decimal point character used by the current locale. This is not
		-- needed in Yueliang as Lua's tonumber() is already locale-aware.
		-- Instead, the code is here in case the user implements localeconv().
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaX:trydecpoint(ls, Token)
			-- format error: try to update decimal point separator
			local old = ls.decpoint
			-- translate the following to Lua if you implement localeconv():
			-- struct lconv *cv = localeconv();
			-- ls->decpoint = (cv ? cv->decimal_point[0] : '.');
			self:buffreplace(ls, old, ls.decpoint)  -- try updated decimal separator
			local seminfo = self:str2d(ls.buff)
			Token.seminfo = seminfo
			if not seminfo then
				-- format error with correct decimal point: no more options
				self:buffreplace(ls, ls.decpoint, ".")  -- undo change (for error message)
				self:lexerror(ls, "malformed number", "TK_NUMBER")
			end
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- main number conversion function
		-- * "^%w$" needed in the scan in order to detect "EOZ"
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaX:read_numeral(ls, Token)
			-- lua_assert(string.find(ls.current, "%d"))
			repeat
				self:save_and_next(ls)
			until string.find(ls.current, "%D") and ls.current ~= "."
			if self:check_next(ls, "Ee") then  -- 'E'?
				self:check_next(ls, "+-")  -- optional exponent sign
			end
			while string.find(ls.current, "^%w$") or ls.current == "_" do
				self:save_and_next(ls)
			end
			self:buffreplace(ls, ".", ls.decpoint)  -- follow locale for decimal point
			local seminfo = self:str2d(ls.buff)
			Token.seminfo = seminfo
			if not seminfo then  -- format error?
				self:trydecpoint(ls, Token) -- try to update decimal point separator
			end
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- count separators ("=") in a long string delimiter
		-- * used by luaX:read_long_string
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaX:skip_sep(ls)
			local count = 0
			local s = ls.current
			-- lua_assert(s == "[" or s == "]")
			self:save_and_next(ls)
			while ls.current == "=" do
				self:save_and_next(ls)
				count = count + 1
			end
			return (ls.current == s) and count or (-count) - 1
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- reads a long string or long comment
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaX:read_long_string(ls, Token, sep)
			local cont = 0
			self:save_and_next(ls)  -- skip 2nd '['
			if self:currIsNewline(ls) then  -- string starts with a newline?
				self:inclinenumber(ls)  -- skip it
			end
			while true do
				local c = ls.current
				if c == "EOZ" then
					self:lexerror(ls, Token and "unfinished long string" or
						"unfinished long comment", "TK_EOS")
				elseif c == "[" then
					--# compatibility code start
					if self.LUA_COMPAT_LSTR then
						if self:skip_sep(ls) == sep then
							self:save_and_next(ls)  -- skip 2nd '['
							cont = cont + 1
							--# compatibility code start
							if self.LUA_COMPAT_LSTR == 1 then
								if sep == 0 then
									self:lexerror(ls, "nesting of [[...]] is deprecated", "[")
								end
							end
							--# compatibility code end
						end
					end
					--# compatibility code end
				elseif c == "]" then
					if self:skip_sep(ls) == sep then
						self:save_and_next(ls)  -- skip 2nd ']'
						--# compatibility code start
						if self.LUA_COMPAT_LSTR and self.LUA_COMPAT_LSTR == 2 then
							cont = cont - 1
							if sep == 0 and cont >= 0 then break end
						end
						--# compatibility code end
						break
					end
				elseif self:currIsNewline(ls) then
					self:save(ls, "\n")
					self:inclinenumber(ls)
					if not Token then ls.buff = "" end -- avoid wasting space
				else  -- default
					if Token then
						self:save_and_next(ls)
					else
						self:nextc(ls)
					end
				end--if c
			end--while
			if Token then
				local p = 3 + sep
				Token.seminfo = string.sub(ls.buff, p, -p)
			end
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- reads a string
		-- * has been restructured significantly compared to the original C code
		------------------------------------------------------------------------

		function luaX:read_string(ls, del, Token)
			self:save_and_next(ls)
			while ls.current ~= del do
				local c = ls.current
				if c == "EOZ" then
					self:lexerror(ls, "unfinished string", "TK_EOS")
				elseif self:currIsNewline(ls) then
					self:lexerror(ls, "unfinished string", "TK_STRING")
				elseif c == "\\" then
					c = self:nextc(ls)  -- do not save the '\'
					if self:currIsNewline(ls) then  -- go through
						self:save(ls, "\n")
						self:inclinenumber(ls)
					elseif c ~= "EOZ" then -- will raise an error next loop
						-- escapes handling greatly simplified here:
						local i = string.find("abfnrtv", c, 1, 1)
						if i then
							self:save(ls, string.sub("\a\b\f\n\r\t\v", i, i))
							self:nextc(ls)
						elseif not string.find(c, "%d") then
							self:save_and_next(ls)  -- handles \\, \", \', and \?
						else  -- \xxx
							c, i = 0, 0
							repeat
								c = 10 * c + ls.current
								self:nextc(ls)
								i = i + 1
							until i >= 3 or not string.find(ls.current, "%d")
							if c > 255 then  -- UCHAR_MAX
								self:lexerror(ls, "escape sequence too large", "TK_STRING")
							end
							self:save(ls, string.char(c))
						end
					end
				else
					self:save_and_next(ls)
				end--if c
			end--while
			self:save_and_next(ls)  -- skip delimiter
			Token.seminfo = string.sub(ls.buff, 2, -2)
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- main lexer function
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaX:llex(ls, Token)
			ls.buff = ""
			while true do
				local c = ls.current
				----------------------------------------------------------------
				if self:currIsNewline(ls) then
					self:inclinenumber(ls)
					----------------------------------------------------------------
				elseif c == "-" then
					c = self:nextc(ls)
					if c ~= "-" then return "-" end
					-- else is a comment
					local sep = -1
					if self:nextc(ls) == '[' then
						sep = self:skip_sep(ls)
						ls.buff = ""  -- 'skip_sep' may dirty the buffer
					end
					if sep >= 0 then
						self:read_long_string(ls, nil, sep)  -- long comment
						ls.buff = ""
					else  -- else short comment
						while not self:currIsNewline(ls) and ls.current ~= "EOZ" do
							self:nextc(ls)
						end
					end
					----------------------------------------------------------------
				elseif c == "[" then
					local sep = self:skip_sep(ls)
					if sep >= 0 then
						self:read_long_string(ls, Token, sep)
						return "TK_STRING"
					elseif sep == -1 then
						return "["
					else
						self:lexerror(ls, "invalid long string delimiter", "TK_STRING")
					end
					----------------------------------------------------------------
				elseif c == "=" then
					c = self:nextc(ls)
					if c ~= "=" then return "="
					else self:nextc(ls); return "TK_EQ" end
					----------------------------------------------------------------
				elseif c == "<" then
					c = self:nextc(ls)
					if c ~= "=" then return "<"
					else self:nextc(ls); return "TK_LE" end
					----------------------------------------------------------------
				elseif c == ">" then
					c = self:nextc(ls)
					if c ~= "=" then return ">"
					else self:nextc(ls); return "TK_GE" end
					----------------------------------------------------------------
				elseif c == "~" then
					c = self:nextc(ls)
					if c ~= "=" then return "~"
					else self:nextc(ls); return "TK_NE" end
					----------------------------------------------------------------
				elseif c == "\"" or c == "'" then
					self:read_string(ls, c, Token)
					return "TK_STRING"
					----------------------------------------------------------------
				elseif c == "." then
					c = self:save_and_next(ls)
					if self:check_next(ls, ".") then
						if self:check_next(ls, ".") then
							return "TK_DOTS"   -- ...
						else return "TK_CONCAT"   -- ..
						end
					elseif not string.find(c, "%d") then
						return "."
					else
						self:read_numeral(ls, Token)
						return "TK_NUMBER"
					end
					----------------------------------------------------------------
				elseif c == "EOZ" then
					return "TK_EOS"
					----------------------------------------------------------------
				else  -- default
					if string.find(c, "%s") then
						-- lua_assert(self:currIsNewline(ls))
						self:nextc(ls)
					elseif string.find(c, "%d") then
						self:read_numeral(ls, Token)
						return "TK_NUMBER"
					elseif string.find(c, "[_%a]") then
						-- identifier or reserved word
						repeat
							c = self:save_and_next(ls)
						until c == "EOZ" or not string.find(c, "[_%w]")
						local ts = ls.buff
						local tok = self.enums[ts]
						if tok then return tok end  -- reserved word?
						Token.seminfo = ts
						return "TK_NAME"
					else
						self:nextc(ls)
						return c  -- single-char tokens (+ - / ...)
					end
					----------------------------------------------------------------
				end--if c
			end--while
		end

		return luaX
	end

	LuaU = function()
		--[[--------------------------------------------------------------------

		  ldump.lua
		  Save precompiled Lua chunks
		  This file is part of Yueliang.

		  Copyright (c) 2006 Kein-Hong Man <khman@users.sf.net>
		  The COPYRIGHT file describes the conditions
		  under which this software may be distributed.

		  See the ChangeLog for more information.

		----------------------------------------------------------------------]]

		--[[--------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- Notes:
		-- * WARNING! byte order (little endian) and data type sizes for header
		--   signature values hard-coded; see luaU:header
		-- * chunk writer generators are included, see below
		-- * one significant difference is that instructions are still in table
		--   form (with OP/A/B/C/Bx fields) and luaP:Instruction() is needed to
		--   convert them into 4-char strings
		--
		-- Not implemented:
		-- * DumpVar, DumpMem has been removed
		-- * DumpVector folded into folded into DumpDebug, DumpCode
		--
		-- Added:
		-- * for convenience, the following two functions have been added:
		--   luaU:make_setS: create a chunk writer that writes to a string
		--   luaU:make_setF: create a chunk writer that writes to a file
		--   (lua.h contains a typedef for lua_Writer/lua_Chunkwriter, and
		--    a Lua-based implementation exists, writer() in lstrlib.c)
		-- * luaU:ttype(o) (from lobject.h)
		-- * for converting number types to its binary equivalent:
		--   luaU:from_double(x): encode double value for writing
		--   luaU:from_int(x): encode integer value for writing
		--     (error checking is limited for these conversion functions)
		--     (double conversion does not support denormals or NaNs)
		--
		-- Changed in 5.1.x:
		-- * the dumper was mostly rewritten in Lua 5.1.x, so notes on the
		--   differences between 5.0.x and 5.1.x is limited
		-- * LUAC_VERSION bumped to 0x51, LUAC_FORMAT added
		-- * developer is expected to adjust LUAC_FORMAT in order to identify
		--   non-standard binary chunk formats
		-- * header signature code is smaller, has been simplified, and is
		--   tested as a single unit; its logic is shared with the undumper
		-- * no more endian conversion, invalid endianness mean rejection
		-- * opcode field sizes are no longer exposed in the header
		-- * code moved to front of a prototype, followed by constants
		-- * debug information moved to the end of the binary chunk, and the
		--   relevant functions folded into a single function
		-- * luaU:dump returns a writer status code
		-- * chunk writer now implements status code because dumper uses it
		-- * luaU:endianness removed
		----------------------------------------------------------------------]]

		--requires luaP
		local luaU = {}
		local luaP = require(script.Parent.LuaP)

		-- mark for precompiled code ('<esc>Lua') (from lua.h)
		luaU.LUA_SIGNATURE = "\27Lua"

		-- constants used by dumper (from lua.h)
		luaU.LUA_TNUMBER  = 3
		luaU.LUA_TSTRING  = 4
		luaU.LUA_TNIL     = 0
		luaU.LUA_TBOOLEAN = 1
		luaU.LUA_TNONE    = -1

		-- constants for header of binary files (from lundump.h)
		luaU.LUAC_VERSION    = 0x51     -- this is Lua 5.1
		luaU.LUAC_FORMAT     = 0        -- this is the official format
		luaU.LUAC_HEADERSIZE = 12       -- size of header of binary files

		--[[--------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- Additional functions to handle chunk writing
		-- * to use make_setS and make_setF, see test_ldump.lua elsewhere
		----------------------------------------------------------------------]]

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- create a chunk writer that writes to a string
		-- * returns the writer function and a table containing the string
		-- * to get the final result, look in buff.data
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaU:make_setS()
			local buff = {}
			buff.data = ""
			local writer =
				function(s, buff)  -- chunk writer
					if not s then return 0 end
					buff.data = buff.data..s
					return 0
				end
			return writer, buff
		end

			------------------------------------------------------------------------
			-- create a chunk writer that writes to a file
			-- * returns the writer function and a table containing the file handle
			-- * if a nil is passed, then writer should close the open file
			------------------------------------------------------------------------

		--[[
		function luaU:make_setF(filename)
		  local buff = {}
		        buff.h = io.open(filename, "wb")
		  if not buff.h then return nil end
		  local writer =
		    function(s, buff)  -- chunk writer
		      if not buff.h then return 0 end
		      if not s then
		        if buff.h:close() then return 0 end
		      else
		        if buff.h:write(s) then return 0 end
		      end
		      return 1
		    end
		  return writer, buff
		end--]]

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- works like the lobject.h version except that TObject used in these
		-- scripts only has a 'value' field, no 'tt' field (native types used)
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaU:ttype(o)
			local tt = type(o.value)
			if tt == "number" then return self.LUA_TNUMBER
			elseif tt == "string" then return self.LUA_TSTRING
			elseif tt == "nil" then return self.LUA_TNIL
			elseif tt == "boolean" then return self.LUA_TBOOLEAN
			else
				return self.LUA_TNONE  -- the rest should not appear
			end
		end

		-----------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- converts a IEEE754 double number to an 8-byte little-endian string
		-- * luaU:from_double() and luaU:from_int() are adapted from ChunkBake
		-- * supports +/- Infinity, but not denormals or NaNs
		-----------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaU:from_double(x)
			local function grab_byte(v)
				local c = v % 256
				return (v - c) / 256, string.char(c)
			end
			local sign = 0
			if x < 0 then sign = 1; x = -x end
			local mantissa, exponent = math.frexp(x)
			if x == 0 then -- zero
				mantissa, exponent = 0, 0
			elseif x == 1/0 then
				mantissa, exponent = 0, 2047
			else
				mantissa = (mantissa * 2 - 1) * math.ldexp(0.5, 53)
				exponent = exponent + 1022
			end
			local v, byte = "" -- convert to bytes
			x = math.floor(mantissa)
			for i = 1,6 do
				x, byte = grab_byte(x); v = v..byte -- 47:0
			end
			x, byte = grab_byte(exponent * 16 + x); v = v..byte -- 55:48
			x, byte = grab_byte(sign * 128 + x); v = v..byte -- 63:56
			return v
		end

		-----------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- converts a number to a little-endian 32-bit integer string
		-- * input value assumed to not overflow, can be signed/unsigned
		-----------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaU:from_int(x)
			local v = ""
			x = math.floor(x)
			if x < 0 then x = 4294967296 + x end  -- ULONG_MAX+1
			for i = 1, 4 do
				local c = x % 256
				v = v..string.char(c); x = math.floor(x / 256)
			end
			return v
		end

		--[[--------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- Functions to make a binary chunk
		-- * many functions have the size parameter removed, since output is
		--   in the form of a string and some sizes are implicit or hard-coded
		----------------------------------------------------------------------]]

		--[[--------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- struct DumpState:
		--   L  -- lua_State (not used in this script)
		--   writer  -- lua_Writer (chunk writer function)
		--   data  -- void* (chunk writer context or data already written)
		--   strip  -- if true, don't write any debug information
		--   status  -- if non-zero, an error has occured
		----------------------------------------------------------------------]]

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- dumps a block of bytes
		-- * lua_unlock(D.L), lua_lock(D.L) unused
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaU:DumpBlock(b, D)
			if D.status == 0 then
				-- lua_unlock(D->L);
				D.status = D.write(b, D.data)
				-- lua_lock(D->L);
			end
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- dumps a char
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaU:DumpChar(y, D)
			self:DumpBlock(string.char(y), D)
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- dumps a 32-bit signed or unsigned integer (for int) (hard-coded)
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaU:DumpInt(x, D)
			self:DumpBlock(self:from_int(x), D)
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- dumps a lua_Number (hard-coded as a double)
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaU:DumpNumber(x, D)
			self:DumpBlock(self:from_double(x), D)
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- dumps a Lua string (size type is hard-coded)
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaU:DumpString(s, D)
			if s == nil then
				self:DumpInt(0, D)
			else
				s = s.."\0"  -- include trailing '\0'
				self:DumpInt(#s, D)
				self:DumpBlock(s, D)
			end
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- dumps instruction block from function prototype
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaU:DumpCode(f, D)
			local n = f.sizecode
			--was DumpVector
			self:DumpInt(n, D)
			for i = 0, n - 1 do
				self:DumpBlock(luaP:Instruction(f.code[i]), D)
			end
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- dump constant pool from function prototype
		-- * bvalue(o), nvalue(o) and rawtsvalue(o) macros removed
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaU:DumpConstants(f, D)
			local n = f.sizek
			self:DumpInt(n, D)
			for i = 0, n - 1 do
				local o = f.k[i]  -- TValue
				local tt = self:ttype(o)
				self:DumpChar(tt, D)
				if tt == self.LUA_TNIL then
				elseif tt == self.LUA_TBOOLEAN then
					self:DumpChar(o.value and 1 or 0, D)
				elseif tt == self.LUA_TNUMBER then
					self:DumpNumber(o.value, D)
				elseif tt == self.LUA_TSTRING then
					self:DumpString(o.value, D)
				else
					--lua_assert(0)  -- cannot happen
				end
			end
			n = f.sizep
			self:DumpInt(n, D)
			for i = 0, n - 1 do
				self:DumpFunction(f.p[i], f.source, D)
			end
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- dump debug information
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaU:DumpDebug(f, D)
			local n
			n = D.strip and 0 or f.sizelineinfo           -- dump line information
			--was DumpVector
			self:DumpInt(n, D)
			for i = 0, n - 1 do
				self:DumpInt(f.lineinfo[i], D)
			end
			n = D.strip and 0 or f.sizelocvars            -- dump local information
			self:DumpInt(n, D)
			for i = 0, n - 1 do
				self:DumpString(f.locvars[i].varname, D)
				self:DumpInt(f.locvars[i].startpc, D)
				self:DumpInt(f.locvars[i].endpc, D)
			end
			n = D.strip and 0 or f.sizeupvalues           -- dump upvalue information
			self:DumpInt(n, D)
			for i = 0, n - 1 do
				self:DumpString(f.upvalues[i], D)
			end
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- dump child function prototypes from function prototype
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaU:DumpFunction(f, p, D)
			local source = f.source
			if source == p or D.strip then source = nil end
			self:DumpString(source, D)
			self:DumpInt(f.lineDefined, D)
			self:DumpInt(f.lastlinedefined, D)
			self:DumpChar(f.nups, D)
			self:DumpChar(f.numparams, D)
			self:DumpChar(f.is_vararg, D)
			self:DumpChar(f.maxstacksize, D)
			self:DumpCode(f, D)
			self:DumpConstants(f, D)
			self:DumpDebug(f, D)
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- dump Lua header section (some sizes hard-coded)
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaU:DumpHeader(D)
			local h = self:header()
			assert(#h == self.LUAC_HEADERSIZE) -- fixed buffer now an assert
			self:DumpBlock(h, D)
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- make header (from lundump.c)
		-- returns the header string
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaU:header()
			local x = 1
			return self.LUA_SIGNATURE..
				string.char(
					self.LUAC_VERSION,
					self.LUAC_FORMAT,
					x,                    -- endianness (1=little)
					4,                    -- sizeof(int)
					4,                    -- sizeof(size_t)
					4,                    -- sizeof(Instruction)
					8,                    -- sizeof(lua_Number)
					0)                    -- is lua_Number integral?
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- dump Lua function as precompiled chunk
		-- (lua_State* L, const Proto* f, lua_Writer w, void* data, int strip)
		-- * w, data are created from make_setS, make_setF
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaU:dump(L, f, w, data, strip)
			local D = {}  -- DumpState
			D.L = L
			D.write = w
			D.data = data
			D.strip = strip
			D.status = 0
			self:DumpHeader(D)
			self:DumpFunction(f, nil, D)
			-- added: for a chunk writer writing to a file, this final call with
			-- nil data is to indicate to the writer to close the file
			D.write(nil, D.data)
			return D.status
		end

		return luaU
	end

	LuaK = function()
		--[[--------------------------------------------------------------------

		  lcode.lua
		  Lua 5 code generator in Lua
		  This file is part of Yueliang.

		  Copyright (c) 2005-2007 Kein-Hong Man <khman@users.sf.net>
		  The COPYRIGHT file describes the conditions
		  under which this software may be distributed.

		  See the ChangeLog for more information.

		----------------------------------------------------------------------]]

		--[[--------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- Notes:
		-- * one function manipulate a pointer argument with a simple data type
		--   (can't be emulated by a table, ambiguous), now returns that value:
		--   luaK:concat(fs, l1, l2)
		-- * luaM_growvector uses the faux luaY:growvector, for limit checking
		-- * some function parameters changed to boolean, additional code
		--   translates boolean back to 1/0 for instruction fields
		--
		-- Not implemented:
		-- * NOTE there is a failed assert in luaK:addk, a porting problem
		--
		-- Added:
		-- * constant MAXSTACK from llimits.h
		-- * luaK:ttisnumber(o) (from lobject.h)
		-- * luaK:nvalue(o) (from lobject.h)
		-- * luaK:setnilvalue(o) (from lobject.h)
		-- * luaK:setnvalue(o, x) (from lobject.h)
		-- * luaK:setbvalue(o, x) (from lobject.h)
		-- * luaK:sethvalue(o, x) (from lobject.h), parameter L deleted
		-- * luaK:setsvalue(o, x) (from lobject.h), parameter L deleted
		-- * luaK:numadd, luaK:numsub, luaK:nummul, luaK:numdiv, luaK:nummod,
		--   luaK:numpow, luaK:numunm, luaK:numisnan (from luaconf.h)
		-- * copyexp(e1, e2) added in luaK:posfix to copy expdesc struct
		--
		-- Changed in 5.1.x:
		-- * enum BinOpr has a new entry, OPR_MOD
		-- * enum UnOpr has a new entry, OPR_LEN
		-- * binopistest, unused in 5.0.x, has been deleted
		-- * macro setmultret is new
		-- * functions isnumeral, luaK_ret, boolK are new
		-- * funcion nilK was named nil_constant in 5.0.x
		-- * function interface changed: need_value, patchtestreg, concat
		-- * TObject now a TValue
		-- * functions luaK_setreturns, luaK_setoneret are new
		-- * function luaK:setcallreturns deleted, to be replaced by:
		--   luaK:setmultret, luaK:ret, luaK:setreturns, luaK:setoneret
		-- * functions constfolding, codearith, codecomp are new
		-- * luaK:codebinop has been deleted
		-- * function luaK_setlist is new
		-- * OPR_MULT renamed to OPR_MUL
		----------------------------------------------------------------------]]

		-- requires luaP, luaX, luaY
		local luaK = {}
		local luaP = require(script.Parent.LuaP)
		local luaX = require(script.Parent.LuaX)

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- constants used by code generator
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- maximum stack for a Lua function
		luaK.MAXSTACK = 250  -- (from llimits.h)

		--[[--------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- other functions
		----------------------------------------------------------------------]]

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- emulation of TValue macros (these are from lobject.h)
		-- * TValue is a table since lcode passes references around
		-- * tt member field removed, using Lua's type() instead
		-- * for setsvalue, sethvalue, parameter L (deleted here) in lobject.h
		--   is used in an assert for testing, see checkliveness(g,obj)
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaK:ttisnumber(o)
			if o then return type(o.value) == "number" else return false end
		end
		function luaK:nvalue(o) return o.value end
		function luaK:setnilvalue(o) o.value = nil end
		function luaK:setsvalue(o, x) o.value = x end
		luaK.setnvalue = luaK.setsvalue
		luaK.sethvalue = luaK.setsvalue
		luaK.setbvalue = luaK.setsvalue

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- The luai_num* macros define the primitive operations over numbers.
		-- * this is not the entire set of primitive operations from luaconf.h
		-- * used in luaK:constfolding()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaK:numadd(a, b) return a + b end
		function luaK:numsub(a, b) return a - b end
		function luaK:nummul(a, b) return a * b end
		function luaK:numdiv(a, b) return a / b end
		function luaK:nummod(a, b) return a % b end
		-- ((a) - floor((a)/(b))*(b)) /* actual, for reference */
		function luaK:numpow(a, b) return a ^ b end
		function luaK:numunm(a) return -a end
		function luaK:numisnan(a) return not a == a end
		-- a NaN cannot equal another NaN

		--[[--------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- code generator functions
		----------------------------------------------------------------------]]

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- Marks the end of a patch list. It is an invalid value both as an absolute
		-- address, and as a list link (would link an element to itself).
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		luaK.NO_JUMP = -1

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- grep "ORDER OPR" if you change these enums
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		luaK.BinOpr = {
			OPR_ADD = 0, OPR_SUB = 1, OPR_MUL = 2, OPR_DIV = 3, OPR_MOD = 4, OPR_POW = 5,
			OPR_CONCAT = 6,
			OPR_NE = 7, OPR_EQ = 8,
			OPR_LT = 9, OPR_LE = 10, OPR_GT = 11, OPR_GE = 12,
			OPR_AND = 13, OPR_OR = 14,
			OPR_NOBINOPR = 15,
		}

		-- * UnOpr is used by luaK:prefix's op argument, but not directly used
		--   because the function receives the symbols as strings, e.g. "OPR_NOT"
		luaK.UnOpr = {
			OPR_MINUS = 0, OPR_NOT = 1, OPR_LEN = 2, OPR_NOUNOPR = 3
		}

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- returns the instruction object for given e (expdesc), was a macro
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaK:getcode(fs, e)
			return fs.f.code[e.info]
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- codes an instruction with a signed Bx (sBx) field, was a macro
		-- * used in luaK:jump(), (lparser) luaY:forbody()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaK:codeAsBx(fs, o, A, sBx)
			return self:codeABx(fs, o, A, sBx + luaP.MAXARG_sBx)
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- set the expdesc e instruction for multiple returns, was a macro
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaK:setmultret(fs, e)
			self:setreturns(fs, e, luaY.LUA_MULTRET)
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- there is a jump if patch lists are not identical, was a macro
		-- * used in luaK:exp2reg(), luaK:exp2anyreg(), luaK:exp2val()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaK:hasjumps(e)
			return e.t ~= e.f
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- true if the expression is a constant number (for constant folding)
		-- * used in constfolding(), infix()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaK:isnumeral(e)
			return e.k == "VKNUM" and e.t == self.NO_JUMP and e.f == self.NO_JUMP
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- codes loading of nil, optimization done if consecutive locations
		-- * used in luaK:discharge2reg(), (lparser) luaY:adjust_assign()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaK:_nil(fs, from, n)
			if fs.pc > fs.lasttarget then  -- no jumps to current position?
				if fs.pc == 0 then  -- function start?
					if from >= fs.nactvar then
						return  -- positions are already clean
					end
				else
					local previous = fs.f.code[fs.pc - 1]
					if luaP:GET_OPCODE(previous) == "OP_LOADNIL" then
						local pfrom = luaP:GETARG_A(previous)
						local pto = luaP:GETARG_B(previous)
						if pfrom <= from and from <= pto + 1 then  -- can connect both?
							if from + n - 1 > pto then
								luaP:SETARG_B(previous, from + n - 1)
							end
							return
						end
					end
				end
			end
			self:codeABC(fs, "OP_LOADNIL", from, from + n - 1, 0)  -- else no optimization
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		--
		-- * used in multiple locations
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaK:jump(fs)
			local jpc = fs.jpc  -- save list of jumps to here
			fs.jpc = self.NO_JUMP
			local j = self:codeAsBx(fs, "OP_JMP", 0, self.NO_JUMP)
			j = self:concat(fs, j, jpc)  -- keep them on hold
			return j
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- codes a RETURN instruction
		-- * used in luaY:close_func(), luaY:retstat()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaK:ret(fs, first, nret)
			self:codeABC(fs, "OP_RETURN", first, nret + 1, 0)
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		--
		-- * used in luaK:jumponcond(), luaK:codecomp()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaK:condjump(fs, op, A, B, C)
			self:codeABC(fs, op, A, B, C)
			return self:jump(fs)
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		--
		-- * used in luaK:patchlistaux(), luaK:concat()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaK:fixjump(fs, pc, dest)
			local jmp = fs.f.code[pc]
			local offset = dest - (pc + 1)
			assert(dest ~= self.NO_JUMP)
			if math.abs(offset) > luaP.MAXARG_sBx then
				luaX:syntaxerror(fs.ls, "control structure too long")
			end
			luaP:SETARG_sBx(jmp, offset)
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- returns current 'pc' and marks it as a jump target (to avoid wrong
		-- optimizations with consecutive instructions not in the same basic block).
		-- * used in multiple locations
		-- * fs.lasttarget tested only by luaK:_nil() when optimizing OP_LOADNIL
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaK:getlabel(fs)
			fs.lasttarget = fs.pc
			return fs.pc
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		--
		-- * used in luaK:need_value(), luaK:removevalues(), luaK:patchlistaux(),
		--   luaK:concat()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaK:getjump(fs, pc)
			local offset = luaP:GETARG_sBx(fs.f.code[pc])
			if offset == self.NO_JUMP then  -- point to itself represents end of list
				return self.NO_JUMP  -- end of list
			else
				return (pc + 1) + offset  -- turn offset into absolute position
			end
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		--
		-- * used in luaK:need_value(), luaK:patchtestreg(), luaK:invertjump()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaK:getjumpcontrol(fs, pc)
			local pi = fs.f.code[pc]
			local ppi = fs.f.code[pc - 1]
			if pc >= 1 and luaP:testTMode(luaP:GET_OPCODE(ppi)) ~= 0 then
				return ppi
			else
				return pi
			end
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- check whether list has any jump that do not produce a value
		-- (or produce an inverted value)
		-- * return value changed to boolean
		-- * used only in luaK:exp2reg()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaK:need_value(fs, list)
			while list ~= self.NO_JUMP do
				local i = self:getjumpcontrol(fs, list)
				if luaP:GET_OPCODE(i) ~= "OP_TESTSET" then return true end
				list = self:getjump(fs, list)
			end
			return false  -- not found
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		--
		-- * used in luaK:removevalues(), luaK:patchlistaux()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaK:patchtestreg(fs, node, reg)
			local i = self:getjumpcontrol(fs, node)
			if luaP:GET_OPCODE(i) ~= "OP_TESTSET" then
				return false  -- cannot patch other instructions
			end
			if reg ~= luaP.NO_REG and reg ~= luaP:GETARG_B(i) then
				luaP:SETARG_A(i, reg)
			else  -- no register to put value or register already has the value
				-- due to use of a table as i, i cannot be replaced by another table
				-- so the following is required; there is no change to ARG_C
				luaP:SET_OPCODE(i, "OP_TEST")
				local b = luaP:GETARG_B(i)
				luaP:SETARG_A(i, b)
				luaP:SETARG_B(i, 0)
				-- *i = CREATE_ABC(OP_TEST, GETARG_B(*i), 0, GETARG_C(*i)); /* C */
			end
			return true
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		--
		-- * used only in luaK:codenot()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaK:removevalues(fs, list)
			while list ~= self.NO_JUMP do
				self:patchtestreg(fs, list, luaP.NO_REG)
				list = self:getjump(fs, list)
			end
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		--
		-- * used in luaK:dischargejpc(), luaK:patchlist(), luaK:exp2reg()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaK:patchlistaux(fs, list, vtarget, reg, dtarget)
			while list ~= self.NO_JUMP do
				local _next = self:getjump(fs, list)
				if self:patchtestreg(fs, list, reg) then
					self:fixjump(fs, list, vtarget)
				else
					self:fixjump(fs, list, dtarget)  -- jump to default target
				end
				list = _next
			end
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		--
		-- * used only in luaK:code()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaK:dischargejpc(fs)
			self:patchlistaux(fs, fs.jpc, fs.pc, luaP.NO_REG, fs.pc)
			fs.jpc = self.NO_JUMP
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		--
		-- * used in (lparser) luaY:whilestat(), luaY:repeatstat(), luaY:forbody()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaK:patchlist(fs, list, target)
			if target == fs.pc then
				self:patchtohere(fs, list)
			else
				assert(target < fs.pc)
				self:patchlistaux(fs, list, target, luaP.NO_REG, target)
			end
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		--
		-- * used in multiple locations
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaK:patchtohere(fs, list)
			self:getlabel(fs)
			fs.jpc = self:concat(fs, fs.jpc, list)
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- * l1 was a pointer, now l1 is returned and callee assigns the value
		-- * used in multiple locations
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaK:concat(fs, l1, l2)
			if l2 == self.NO_JUMP then return l1
			elseif l1 == self.NO_JUMP then
				return l2
			else
				local list = l1
				local _next = self:getjump(fs, list)
				while _next ~= self.NO_JUMP do  -- find last element
					list = _next
					_next = self:getjump(fs, list)
				end
				self:fixjump(fs, list, l2)
			end
			return l1
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		--
		-- * used in luaK:reserveregs(), (lparser) luaY:forlist()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaK:checkstack(fs, n)
			local newstack = fs.freereg + n
			if newstack > fs.f.maxstacksize then
				if newstack >= self.MAXSTACK then
					luaX:syntaxerror(fs.ls, "function or expression too complex")
				end
				fs.f.maxstacksize = newstack
			end
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		--
		-- * used in multiple locations
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaK:reserveregs(fs, n)
			self:checkstack(fs, n)
			fs.freereg = fs.freereg + n
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		--
		-- * used in luaK:freeexp(), luaK:dischargevars()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaK:freereg(fs, reg)
			if not luaP:ISK(reg) and reg >= fs.nactvar then
				fs.freereg = fs.freereg - 1
				assert(reg == fs.freereg)
			end
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		--
		-- * used in multiple locations
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaK:freeexp(fs, e)
			if e.k == "VNONRELOC" then
				self:freereg(fs, e.info)
			end
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- * TODO NOTE implementation is not 100% correct, since the assert fails
		-- * luaH_set, setobj deleted; direct table access used instead
		-- * used in luaK:stringK(), luaK:numberK(), luaK:boolK(), luaK:nilK()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaK:addk(fs, k, v)
			local L = fs.L
			local idx = fs.h[k.value]
			--TValue *idx = luaH_set(L, fs->h, k); /* C */
			local f = fs.f
			if self:ttisnumber(idx) then
				--TODO this assert currently FAILS (last tested for 5.0.2)
				--assert(fs.f.k[self:nvalue(idx)] == v)
				--assert(luaO_rawequalObj(&fs->f->k[cast_int(nvalue(idx))], v)); /* C */
				return self:nvalue(idx)
			else -- constant not found; create a new entry
				idx = {}
				self:setnvalue(idx, fs.nk)
				fs.h[k.value] = idx
				-- setnvalue(idx, cast_num(fs->nk)); /* C */
				luaY:growvector(L, f.k, fs.nk, f.sizek, nil,
					luaP.MAXARG_Bx, "constant table overflow")
				-- loop to initialize empty f.k positions not required
				f.k[fs.nk] = v
				-- setobj(L, &f->k[fs->nk], v); /* C */
				-- luaC_barrier(L, f, v); /* GC */
				local nk = fs.nk
				fs.nk = fs.nk + 1
				return nk
			end

		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- creates and sets a string object
		-- * used in (lparser) luaY:codestring(), luaY:singlevar()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaK:stringK(fs, s)
			local o = {}  -- TValue
			self:setsvalue(o, s)
			return self:addk(fs, o, o)
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- creates and sets a number object
		-- * used in luaK:prefix() for negative (or negation of) numbers
		-- * used in (lparser) luaY:simpleexp(), luaY:fornum()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaK:numberK(fs, r)
			local o = {}  -- TValue
			self:setnvalue(o, r)
			return self:addk(fs, o, o)
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- creates and sets a boolean object
		-- * used only in luaK:exp2RK()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaK:boolK(fs, b)
			local o = {}  -- TValue
			self:setbvalue(o, b)
			return self:addk(fs, o, o)
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- creates and sets a nil object
		-- * used only in luaK:exp2RK()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaK:nilK(fs)
			local k, v = {}, {}  -- TValue
			self:setnilvalue(v)
			-- cannot use nil as key; instead use table itself to represent nil
			self:sethvalue(k, fs.h)
			return self:addk(fs, k, v)
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		--
		-- * used in luaK:setmultret(), (lparser) luaY:adjust_assign()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaK:setreturns(fs, e, nresults)
			if e.k == "VCALL" then  -- expression is an open function call?
				luaP:SETARG_C(self:getcode(fs, e), nresults + 1)
			elseif e.k == "VVARARG" then
				luaP:SETARG_B(self:getcode(fs, e), nresults + 1);
				luaP:SETARG_A(self:getcode(fs, e), fs.freereg);
				luaK:reserveregs(fs, 1)
			end
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		--
		-- * used in luaK:dischargevars(), (lparser) luaY:assignment()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaK:setoneret(fs, e)
			if e.k == "VCALL" then  -- expression is an open function call?
				e.k = "VNONRELOC"
				e.info = luaP:GETARG_A(self:getcode(fs, e))
			elseif e.k == "VVARARG" then
				luaP:SETARG_B(self:getcode(fs, e), 2)
				e.k = "VRELOCABLE"  -- can relocate its simple result
			end
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		--
		-- * used in multiple locations
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaK:dischargevars(fs, e)
			local k = e.k
			if k == "VLOCAL" then
				e.k = "VNONRELOC"
			elseif k == "VUPVAL" then
				e.info = self:codeABC(fs, "OP_GETUPVAL", 0, e.info, 0)
				e.k = "VRELOCABLE"
			elseif k == "VGLOBAL" then
				e.info = self:codeABx(fs, "OP_GETGLOBAL", 0, e.info)
				e.k = "VRELOCABLE"
			elseif k == "VINDEXED" then
				self:freereg(fs, e.aux)
				self:freereg(fs, e.info)
				e.info = self:codeABC(fs, "OP_GETTABLE", 0, e.info, e.aux)
				e.k = "VRELOCABLE"
			elseif k == "VVARARG" or k == "VCALL" then
				self:setoneret(fs, e)
			else
				-- there is one value available (somewhere)
			end
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		--
		-- * used only in luaK:exp2reg()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaK:code_label(fs, A, b, jump)
			self:getlabel(fs)  -- those instructions may be jump targets
			return self:codeABC(fs, "OP_LOADBOOL", A, b, jump)
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		--
		-- * used in luaK:discharge2anyreg(), luaK:exp2reg()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaK:discharge2reg(fs, e, reg)
			self:dischargevars(fs, e)
			local k = e.k
			if k == "VNIL" then
				self:_nil(fs, reg, 1)
			elseif k == "VFALSE" or k == "VTRUE" then
				self:codeABC(fs, "OP_LOADBOOL", reg, (e.k == "VTRUE") and 1 or 0, 0)
			elseif k == "VK" then
				self:codeABx(fs, "OP_LOADK", reg, e.info)
			elseif k == "VKNUM" then
				self:codeABx(fs, "OP_LOADK", reg, self:numberK(fs, e.nval))
			elseif k == "VRELOCABLE" then
				local pc = self:getcode(fs, e)
				luaP:SETARG_A(pc, reg)
			elseif k == "VNONRELOC" then
				if reg ~= e.info then
					self:codeABC(fs, "OP_MOVE", reg, e.info, 0)
				end
			else
				assert(e.k == "VVOID" or e.k == "VJMP")
				return  -- nothing to do...
			end
			e.info = reg
			e.k = "VNONRELOC"
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		--
		-- * used in luaK:jumponcond(), luaK:codenot()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaK:discharge2anyreg(fs, e)
			if e.k ~= "VNONRELOC" then
				self:reserveregs(fs, 1)
				self:discharge2reg(fs, e, fs.freereg - 1)
			end
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		--
		-- * used in luaK:exp2nextreg(), luaK:exp2anyreg(), luaK:storevar()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaK:exp2reg(fs, e, reg)
			self:discharge2reg(fs, e, reg)
			if e.k == "VJMP" then
				e.t = self:concat(fs, e.t, e.info)  -- put this jump in 't' list
			end
			if self:hasjumps(e) then
				local final  -- position after whole expression
				local p_f = self.NO_JUMP  -- position of an eventual LOAD false
				local p_t = self.NO_JUMP  -- position of an eventual LOAD true
				if self:need_value(fs, e.t) or self:need_value(fs, e.f) then
					local fj = (e.k == "VJMP") and self.NO_JUMP or self:jump(fs)
					p_f = self:code_label(fs, reg, 0, 1)
					p_t = self:code_label(fs, reg, 1, 0)
					self:patchtohere(fs, fj)
				end
				final = self:getlabel(fs)
				self:patchlistaux(fs, e.f, final, reg, p_f)
				self:patchlistaux(fs, e.t, final, reg, p_t)
			end
			e.f, e.t = self.NO_JUMP, self.NO_JUMP
			e.info = reg
			e.k = "VNONRELOC"
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		--
		-- * used in multiple locations
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaK:exp2nextreg(fs, e)
			self:dischargevars(fs, e)
			self:freeexp(fs, e)
			self:reserveregs(fs, 1)
			self:exp2reg(fs, e, fs.freereg - 1)
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		--
		-- * used in multiple locations
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaK:exp2anyreg(fs, e)
			self:dischargevars(fs, e)
			if e.k == "VNONRELOC" then
				if not self:hasjumps(e) then  -- exp is already in a register
					return e.info
				end
				if e.info >= fs.nactvar then  -- reg. is not a local?
					self:exp2reg(fs, e, e.info)  -- put value on it
					return e.info
				end
			end
			self:exp2nextreg(fs, e)  -- default
			return e.info
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		--
		-- * used in luaK:exp2RK(), luaK:prefix(), luaK:posfix()
		-- * used in (lparser) luaY:yindex()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaK:exp2val(fs, e)
			if self:hasjumps(e) then
				self:exp2anyreg(fs, e)
			else
				self:dischargevars(fs, e)
			end
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		--
		-- * used in multiple locations
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaK:exp2RK(fs, e)
			self:exp2val(fs, e)
			local k = e.k
			if k == "VKNUM" or k == "VTRUE" or k == "VFALSE" or k == "VNIL" then
				if fs.nk <= luaP.MAXINDEXRK then  -- constant fit in RK operand?
					-- converted from a 2-deep ternary operator expression
					if e.k == "VNIL" then
						e.info = self:nilK(fs)
					else
						e.info = (e.k == "VKNUM") and self:numberK(fs, e.nval)
							or self:boolK(fs, e.k == "VTRUE")
					end
					e.k = "VK"
					return luaP:RKASK(e.info)
				end
			elseif k == "VK" then
				if e.info <= luaP.MAXINDEXRK then  -- constant fit in argC?
					return luaP:RKASK(e.info)
				end
			else
				-- default
			end
			-- not a constant in the right range: put it in a register
			return self:exp2anyreg(fs, e)
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		--
		-- * used in (lparser) luaY:assignment(), luaY:localfunc(), luaY:funcstat()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaK:storevar(fs, var, ex)
			local k = var.k
			if k == "VLOCAL" then
				self:freeexp(fs, ex)
				self:exp2reg(fs, ex, var.info)
				return
			elseif k == "VUPVAL" then
				local e = self:exp2anyreg(fs, ex)
				self:codeABC(fs, "OP_SETUPVAL", e, var.info, 0)
			elseif k == "VGLOBAL" then
				local e = self:exp2anyreg(fs, ex)
				self:codeABx(fs, "OP_SETGLOBAL", e, var.info)
			elseif k == "VINDEXED" then
				local e = self:exp2RK(fs, ex)
				self:codeABC(fs, "OP_SETTABLE", var.info, var.aux, e)
			else
				assert(0)  -- invalid var kind to store
			end
			self:freeexp(fs, ex)
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		--
		-- * used only in (lparser) luaY:primaryexp()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaK:_self(fs, e, key)
			self:exp2anyreg(fs, e)
			self:freeexp(fs, e)
			local func = fs.freereg
			self:reserveregs(fs, 2)
			self:codeABC(fs, "OP_SELF", func, e.info, self:exp2RK(fs, key))
			self:freeexp(fs, key)
			e.info = func
			e.k = "VNONRELOC"
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		--
		-- * used in luaK:goiftrue(), luaK:codenot()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaK:invertjump(fs, e)
			local pc = self:getjumpcontrol(fs, e.info)
			assert(luaP:testTMode(luaP:GET_OPCODE(pc)) ~= 0 and
				luaP:GET_OPCODE(pc) ~= "OP_TESTSET" and
				luaP:GET_OPCODE(pc) ~= "OP_TEST")
			luaP:SETARG_A(pc, (luaP:GETARG_A(pc) == 0) and 1 or 0)
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		--
		-- * used in luaK:goiftrue(), luaK:goiffalse()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaK:jumponcond(fs, e, cond)
			if e.k == "VRELOCABLE" then
				local ie = self:getcode(fs, e)
				if luaP:GET_OPCODE(ie) == "OP_NOT" then
					fs.pc = fs.pc - 1  -- remove previous OP_NOT
					return self:condjump(fs, "OP_TEST", luaP:GETARG_B(ie), 0, cond and 0 or 1)
				end
				-- else go through
			end
			self:discharge2anyreg(fs, e)
			self:freeexp(fs, e)
			return self:condjump(fs, "OP_TESTSET", luaP.NO_REG, e.info, cond and 1 or 0)
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		--
		-- * used in luaK:infix(), (lparser) luaY:cond()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaK:goiftrue(fs, e)
			local pc  -- pc of last jump
			self:dischargevars(fs, e)
			local k = e.k
			if k == "VK" or k == "VKNUM" or k == "VTRUE" then
				pc = self.NO_JUMP  -- always true; do nothing
			elseif k == "VFALSE" then
				pc = self:jump(fs)  -- always jump
			elseif k == "VJMP" then
				self:invertjump(fs, e)
				pc = e.info
			else
				pc = self:jumponcond(fs, e, false)
			end
			e.f = self:concat(fs, e.f, pc)  -- insert last jump in `f' list
			self:patchtohere(fs, e.t)
			e.t = self.NO_JUMP
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		--
		-- * used in luaK:infix()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaK:goiffalse(fs, e)
			local pc  -- pc of last jump
			self:dischargevars(fs, e)
			local k = e.k
			if k == "VNIL" or k == "VFALSE"then
				pc = self.NO_JUMP  -- always false; do nothing
			elseif k == "VTRUE" then
				pc = self:jump(fs)  -- always jump
			elseif k == "VJMP" then
				pc = e.info
			else
				pc = self:jumponcond(fs, e, true)
			end
			e.t = self:concat(fs, e.t, pc)  -- insert last jump in `t' list
			self:patchtohere(fs, e.f)
			e.f = self.NO_JUMP
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		--
		-- * used only in luaK:prefix()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaK:codenot(fs, e)
			self:dischargevars(fs, e)
			local k = e.k
			if k == "VNIL" or k == "VFALSE" then
				e.k = "VTRUE"
			elseif k == "VK" or k == "VKNUM" or k == "VTRUE" then
				e.k = "VFALSE"
			elseif k == "VJMP" then
				self:invertjump(fs, e)
			elseif k == "VRELOCABLE" or k == "VNONRELOC" then
				self:discharge2anyreg(fs, e)
				self:freeexp(fs, e)
				e.info = self:codeABC(fs, "OP_NOT", 0, e.info, 0)
				e.k = "VRELOCABLE"
			else
				assert(0)  -- cannot happen
			end
			-- interchange true and false lists
			e.f, e.t = e.t, e.f
			self:removevalues(fs, e.f)
			self:removevalues(fs, e.t)
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		--
		-- * used in (lparser) luaY:field(), luaY:primaryexp()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaK:indexed(fs, t, k)
			t.aux = self:exp2RK(fs, k)
			t.k = "VINDEXED"
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		--
		-- * used only in luaK:codearith()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaK:constfolding(op, e1, e2)
			local r
			if not self:isnumeral(e1) or not self:isnumeral(e2) then return false end
			local v1 = e1.nval
			local v2 = e2.nval
			if op == "OP_ADD" then
				r = self:numadd(v1, v2)
			elseif op == "OP_SUB" then
				r = self:numsub(v1, v2)
			elseif op == "OP_MUL" then
				r = self:nummul(v1, v2)
			elseif op == "OP_DIV" then
				if v2 == 0 then return false end  -- do not attempt to divide by 0
				r = self:numdiv(v1, v2)
			elseif op == "OP_MOD" then
				if v2 == 0 then return false end  -- do not attempt to divide by 0
				r = self:nummod(v1, v2)
			elseif op == "OP_POW" then
				r = self:numpow(v1, v2)
			elseif op == "OP_UNM" then
				r = self:numunm(v1)
			elseif op == "OP_LEN" then
				return false  -- no constant folding for 'len'
			else
				assert(0)
				r = 0
			end
			if self:numisnan(r) then return false end  -- do not attempt to produce NaN
			e1.nval = r
			return true
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		--
		-- * used in luaK:prefix(), luaK:posfix()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaK:codearith(fs, op, e1, e2)
			if self:constfolding(op, e1, e2) then
				return
			else
				local o2 = (op ~= "OP_UNM" and op ~= "OP_LEN") and self:exp2RK(fs, e2) or 0
				local o1 = self:exp2RK(fs, e1)
				if o1 > o2 then
					self:freeexp(fs, e1)
					self:freeexp(fs, e2)
				else
					self:freeexp(fs, e2)
					self:freeexp(fs, e1)
				end
				e1.info = self:codeABC(fs, op, 0, o1, o2)
				e1.k = "VRELOCABLE"
			end
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		--
		-- * used only in luaK:posfix()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaK:codecomp(fs, op, cond, e1, e2)
			local o1 = self:exp2RK(fs, e1)
			local o2 = self:exp2RK(fs, e2)
			self:freeexp(fs, e2)
			self:freeexp(fs, e1)
			if cond == 0 and op ~= "OP_EQ" then
				-- exchange args to replace by `<' or `<='
				o1, o2 = o2, o1  -- o1 <==> o2
				cond = 1
			end
			e1.info = self:condjump(fs, op, cond, o1, o2)
			e1.k = "VJMP"
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		--
		-- * used only in (lparser) luaY:subexpr()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaK:prefix(fs, op, e)
			local e2 = {}  -- expdesc
			e2.t, e2.f = self.NO_JUMP, self.NO_JUMP
			e2.k = "VKNUM"
			e2.nval = 0
			if op == "OPR_MINUS" then
				if not self:isnumeral(e) then
					self:exp2anyreg(fs, e)  -- cannot operate on non-numeric constants
				end
				self:codearith(fs, "OP_UNM", e, e2)
			elseif op == "OPR_NOT" then
				self:codenot(fs, e)
			elseif op == "OPR_LEN" then
				self:exp2anyreg(fs, e)  -- cannot operate on constants
				self:codearith(fs, "OP_LEN", e, e2)
			else
				assert(0)
			end
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		--
		-- * used only in (lparser) luaY:subexpr()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaK:infix(fs, op, v)
			if op == "OPR_AND" then
				self:goiftrue(fs, v)
			elseif op == "OPR_OR" then
				self:goiffalse(fs, v)
			elseif op == "OPR_CONCAT" then
				self:exp2nextreg(fs, v)  -- operand must be on the 'stack'
			elseif op == "OPR_ADD" or op == "OPR_SUB" or
				op == "OPR_MUL" or op == "OPR_DIV" or
				op == "OPR_MOD" or op == "OPR_POW" then
				if not self:isnumeral(v) then self:exp2RK(fs, v) end
			else
				self:exp2RK(fs, v)
			end
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		--
		-- * used only in (lparser) luaY:subexpr()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- table lookups to simplify testing
		luaK.arith_op = {
			OPR_ADD = "OP_ADD", OPR_SUB = "OP_SUB", OPR_MUL = "OP_MUL",
			OPR_DIV = "OP_DIV", OPR_MOD = "OP_MOD", OPR_POW = "OP_POW",
		}
		luaK.comp_op = {
			OPR_EQ = "OP_EQ", OPR_NE = "OP_EQ", OPR_LT = "OP_LT",
			OPR_LE = "OP_LE", OPR_GT = "OP_LT", OPR_GE = "OP_LE",
		}
		luaK.comp_cond = {
			OPR_EQ = 1, OPR_NE = 0, OPR_LT = 1,
			OPR_LE = 1, OPR_GT = 0, OPR_GE = 0,
		}
		function luaK:posfix(fs, op, e1, e2)
			-- needed because e1 = e2 doesn't copy values...
			-- * in 5.0.x, only k/info/aux/t/f copied, t for AND, f for OR
			--   but here, all elements are copied for completeness' sake
			local function copyexp(e1, e2)
				e1.k = e2.k
				e1.info = e2.info; e1.aux = e2.aux
				e1.nval = e2.nval
				e1.t = e2.t; e1.f = e2.f
			end
			if op == "OPR_AND" then
				assert(e1.t == self.NO_JUMP)  -- list must be closed
				self:dischargevars(fs, e2)
				e2.f = self:concat(fs, e2.f, e1.f)
				copyexp(e1, e2)
			elseif op == "OPR_OR" then
				assert(e1.f == self.NO_JUMP)  -- list must be closed
				self:dischargevars(fs, e2)
				e2.t = self:concat(fs, e2.t, e1.t)
				copyexp(e1, e2)
			elseif op == "OPR_CONCAT" then
				self:exp2val(fs, e2)
				if e2.k == "VRELOCABLE" and luaP:GET_OPCODE(self:getcode(fs, e2)) == "OP_CONCAT" then
					assert(e1.info == luaP:GETARG_B(self:getcode(fs, e2)) - 1)
					self:freeexp(fs, e1)
					luaP:SETARG_B(self:getcode(fs, e2), e1.info)
					e1.k = "VRELOCABLE"
					e1.info = e2.info
				else
					self:exp2nextreg(fs, e2)  -- operand must be on the 'stack'
					self:codearith(fs, "OP_CONCAT", e1, e2)
				end
			else
				-- the following uses a table lookup in place of conditionals
				local arith = self.arith_op[op]
				if arith then
					self:codearith(fs, arith, e1, e2)
				else
					local comp = self.comp_op[op]
					if comp then
						self:codecomp(fs, comp, self.comp_cond[op], e1, e2)
					else
						assert(0)
					end
				end--if arith
			end--if op
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- adjusts debug information for last instruction written, in order to
		-- change the line where item comes into existence
		-- * used in (lparser) luaY:funcargs(), luaY:forbody(), luaY:funcstat()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaK:fixline(fs, line)
			fs.f.lineinfo[fs.pc - 1] = line
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- general function to write an instruction into the instruction buffer,
		-- sets debug information too
		-- * used in luaK:codeABC(), luaK:codeABx()
		-- * called directly by (lparser) luaY:whilestat()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaK:code(fs, i, line)
			local f = fs.f
			self:dischargejpc(fs)  -- 'pc' will change
			-- put new instruction in code array
			luaY:growvector(fs.L, f.code, fs.pc, f.sizecode, nil,
				luaY.MAX_INT, "code size overflow")
			f.code[fs.pc] = i
			-- save corresponding line information
			luaY:growvector(fs.L, f.lineinfo, fs.pc, f.sizelineinfo, nil,
				luaY.MAX_INT, "code size overflow")
			f.lineinfo[fs.pc] = line
			local pc = fs.pc
			fs.pc = fs.pc + 1
			return pc
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- writes an instruction of type ABC
		-- * calls luaK:code()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaK:codeABC(fs, o, a, b, c)
			assert(luaP:getOpMode(o) == luaP.OpMode.iABC)
			assert(luaP:getBMode(o) ~= luaP.OpArgMask.OpArgN or b == 0)
			assert(luaP:getCMode(o) ~= luaP.OpArgMask.OpArgN or c == 0)
			return self:code(fs, luaP:CREATE_ABC(o, a, b, c), fs.ls.lastline)
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- writes an instruction of type ABx
		-- * calls luaK:code(), called by luaK:codeAsBx()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaK:codeABx(fs, o, a, bc)
			assert(luaP:getOpMode(o) == luaP.OpMode.iABx or
				luaP:getOpMode(o) == luaP.OpMode.iAsBx)
			assert(luaP:getCMode(o) == luaP.OpArgMask.OpArgN)
			return self:code(fs, luaP:CREATE_ABx(o, a, bc), fs.ls.lastline)
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		--
		-- * used in (lparser) luaY:closelistfield(), luaY:lastlistfield()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaK:setlist(fs, base, nelems, tostore)
			local c = math.floor((nelems - 1)/luaP.LFIELDS_PER_FLUSH) + 1
			local b = (tostore == luaY.LUA_MULTRET) and 0 or tostore
			assert(tostore ~= 0)
			if c <= luaP.MAXARG_C then
				self:codeABC(fs, "OP_SETLIST", base, b, c)
			else
				self:codeABC(fs, "OP_SETLIST", base, b, 0)
				self:code(fs, luaP:CREATE_Inst(c), fs.ls.lastline)
			end
			fs.freereg = base + 1  -- free registers with list values
		end

		return function(a) luaY = a return luaK end
	end

	LuaY = function()
		--[[--------------------------------------------------------------------

		  lparser.lua
		  Lua 5 parser in Lua
		  This file is part of Yueliang.

		  Copyright (c) 2005-2007 Kein-Hong Man <khman@users.sf.net>
		  The COPYRIGHT file describes the conditions
		  under which this software may be distributed.

		  See the ChangeLog for more information.

		----------------------------------------------------------------------]]

		--[[--------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- Notes:
		-- * some unused C code that were not converted are kept as comments
		-- * LUA_COMPAT_VARARG option changed into a comment block
		-- * for value/size specific code added, look for 'NOTE: '
		--
		-- Not implemented:
		-- * luaX_newstring not needed by this Lua implementation
		-- * luaG_checkcode() in assert is not currently implemented
		--
		-- Added:
		-- * some constants added from various header files
		-- * luaY.LUA_QS used in error_expected, check_match (from luaconf.h)
		-- * luaY:LUA_QL needed for error messages (from luaconf.h)
		-- * luaY:growvector (from lmem.h) -- skeleton only, limit checking
		-- * luaY.SHRT_MAX (from <limits.h>) for registerlocalvar
		-- * luaY:newproto (from lfunc.c)
		-- * luaY:int2fb (from lobject.c)
		-- * NOTE: HASARG_MASK, for implementing a VARARG_HASARG bit operation
		-- * NOTE: value-specific code for VARARG_NEEDSARG to replace a bitop
		--
		-- Changed in 5.1.x:
		-- * various code changes are not detailed...
		-- * names of constants may have changed, e.g. added a LUAI_ prefix
		-- * struct expkind: added VKNUM, VVARARG; VCALL's info changed?
		-- * struct expdesc: added nval
		-- * struct FuncState: upvalues data type changed to upvaldesc
		-- * macro hasmultret is new
		-- * function checklimit moved to parser from lexer
		-- * functions anchor_token, errorlimit, checknext are new
		-- * checknext is new, equivalent to 5.0.x's check, see check too
		-- * luaY:next and luaY:lookahead moved to lexer
		-- * break keyword no longer skipped in luaY:breakstat
		-- * function new_localvarstr replaced by new_localvarliteral
		-- * registerlocalvar limits local variables to SHRT_MAX
		-- * create_local deleted, new_localvarliteral used instead
		-- * constant LUAI_MAXUPVALUES increased to 60
		-- * constants MAXPARAMS, LUA_MAXPARSERLEVEL, MAXSTACK removed
		-- * function interface changed: singlevaraux, singlevar
		-- * enterlevel and leavelevel uses nCcalls to track call depth
		-- * added a name argument to main entry function, luaY:parser
		-- * function luaY_index changed to yindex
		-- * luaY:int2fb()'s table size encoding format has been changed
		-- * luaY:log2() no longer needed for table constructors
		-- * function code_params deleted, functionality folded in parlist
		-- * vararg flags handling (is_vararg) changes; also see VARARG_*
		-- * LUA_COMPATUPSYNTAX section for old-style upvalues removed
		-- * repeatstat() calls chunk() instead of block()
		-- * function interface changed: cond, test_then_block
		-- * while statement implementation considerably simplified; MAXEXPWHILE
		--   and EXTRAEXP no longer required, no limits to the complexity of a
		--   while condition
		-- * repeat, forbody statement implementation has major changes,
		--   mostly due to new scoping behaviour of local variables
		-- * OPR_MULT renamed to OPR_MUL
		----------------------------------------------------------------------]]

		--requires luaP, luaX, luaK
		local luaY = {}
		local luaX = require(script.Parent.LuaX)
		local luaK = require(script.Parent.LuaK)(luaY)
		local luaP = require(script.Parent.LuaP)

		--[[--------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- Expression descriptor
		-- * expkind changed to string constants; luaY:assignment was the only
		--   function to use a relational operator with this enumeration
		-- VVOID       -- no value
		-- VNIL        -- no value
		-- VTRUE       -- no value
		-- VFALSE      -- no value
		-- VK          -- info = index of constant in 'k'
		-- VKNUM       -- nval = numerical value
		-- VLOCAL      -- info = local register
		-- VUPVAL,     -- info = index of upvalue in 'upvalues'
		-- VGLOBAL     -- info = index of table; aux = index of global name in 'k'
		-- VINDEXED    -- info = table register; aux = index register (or 'k')
		-- VJMP        -- info = instruction pc
		-- VRELOCABLE  -- info = instruction pc
		-- VNONRELOC   -- info = result register
		-- VCALL       -- info = instruction pc
		-- VVARARG     -- info = instruction pc
		} ----------------------------------------------------------------------]]

		--[[--------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- * expdesc in Lua 5.1.x has a union u and another struct s; this Lua
		--   implementation ignores all instances of u and s usage
		-- struct expdesc:
		--   k  -- (enum: expkind)
		--   info, aux -- (int, int)
		--   nval -- (lua_Number)
		--   t  -- patch list of 'exit when true'
		--   f  -- patch list of 'exit when false'
		----------------------------------------------------------------------]]

		--[[--------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- struct upvaldesc:
		--   k  -- (lu_byte)
		--   info -- (lu_byte)
		----------------------------------------------------------------------]]

		--[[--------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- state needed to generate code for a given function
		-- struct FuncState:
		--   f  -- current function header (table: Proto)
		--   h  -- table to find (and reuse) elements in 'k' (table: Table)
		--   prev  -- enclosing function (table: FuncState)
		--   ls  -- lexical state (table: LexState)
		--   L  -- copy of the Lua state (table: lua_State)
		--   bl  -- chain of current blocks (table: BlockCnt)
		--   pc  -- next position to code (equivalent to 'ncode')
		--   lasttarget   -- 'pc' of last 'jump target'
		--   jpc  -- list of pending jumps to 'pc'
		--   freereg  -- first free register
		--   nk  -- number of elements in 'k'
		--   np  -- number of elements in 'p'
		--   nlocvars  -- number of elements in 'locvars'
		--   nactvar  -- number of active local variables
		--   upvalues[LUAI_MAXUPVALUES]  -- upvalues (table: upvaldesc)
		--   actvar[LUAI_MAXVARS]  -- declared-variable stack
		----------------------------------------------------------------------]]

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- constants used by parser
		-- * picks up duplicate values from luaX if required
		------------------------------------------------------------------------

		luaY.LUA_QS = luaX.LUA_QS or "'%s'"  -- (from luaconf.h)

		luaY.SHRT_MAX = 32767 -- (from <limits.h>)
		luaY.LUAI_MAXVARS = 200  -- (luaconf.h)
		luaY.LUAI_MAXUPVALUES = 60  -- (luaconf.h)
		luaY.MAX_INT = luaX.MAX_INT or 2147483645  -- (from llimits.h)
		-- * INT_MAX-2 for 32-bit systems
		luaY.LUAI_MAXCCALLS = 200  -- (from luaconf.h)

		luaY.VARARG_HASARG = 1  -- (from lobject.h)
		-- NOTE: HASARG_MASK is value-specific
		luaY.HASARG_MASK = 2 -- this was added for a bitop in parlist()
		luaY.VARARG_ISVARARG = 2
		-- NOTE: there is some value-specific code that involves VARARG_NEEDSARG
		luaY.VARARG_NEEDSARG = 4

		luaY.LUA_MULTRET = -1  -- (lua.h)

		--[[--------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- other functions
		----------------------------------------------------------------------]]

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- LUA_QL describes how error messages quote program elements.
		-- CHANGE it if you want a different appearance. (from luaconf.h)
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaY:LUA_QL(x)
			return "'"..x.."'"
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- this is a stripped-down luaM_growvector (from lmem.h) which is a
		-- macro based on luaM_growaux (in lmem.c); all the following does is
		-- reproduce the size limit checking logic of the original function
		-- so that error behaviour is identical; all arguments preserved for
		-- convenience, even those which are unused
		-- * set the t field to nil, since this originally does a sizeof(t)
		-- * size (originally a pointer) is never updated, their final values
		--   are set by luaY:close_func(), so overall things should still work
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaY:growvector(L, v, nelems, size, t, limit, e)
			if nelems >= limit then
				error(e)  -- was luaG_runerror
			end
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- initialize a new function prototype structure (from lfunc.c)
		-- * used only in open_func()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaY:newproto(L)
			local f = {} -- Proto
			-- luaC_link(L, obj2gco(f), LUA_TPROTO); /* GC */
			f.k = {}
			f.sizek = 0
			f.p = {}
			f.sizep = 0
			f.code = {}
			f.sizecode = 0
			f.sizelineinfo = 0
			f.sizeupvalues = 0
			f.nups = 0
			f.upvalues = {}
			f.numparams = 0
			f.is_vararg = 0
			f.maxstacksize = 0
			f.lineinfo = {}
			f.sizelocvars = 0
			f.locvars = {}
			f.lineDefined = 0
			f.lastlinedefined = 0
			f.source = nil
			return f
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- converts an integer to a "floating point byte", represented as
		-- (eeeeexxx), where the real value is (1xxx) * 2^(eeeee - 1) if
		-- eeeee != 0 and (xxx) otherwise.
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaY:int2fb(x)
			local e = 0  -- exponent
			while x >= 16 do
				x = math.floor((x + 1) / 2)
				e = e + 1
			end
			if x < 8 then
				return x
			else
				return ((e + 1) * 8) + (x - 8)
			end
		end

		--[[--------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- parser functions
		----------------------------------------------------------------------]]

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- true of the kind of expression produces multiple return values
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaY:hasmultret(k)
			return k == "VCALL" or k == "VVARARG"
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- convenience function to access active local i, returns entry
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaY:getlocvar(fs, i)
			return fs.f.locvars[ fs.actvar[i] ]
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- check a limit, string m provided as an error message
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaY:checklimit(fs, v, l, m)
			if v > l then self:errorlimit(fs, l, m) end
		end

		--[[--------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- nodes for block list (list of active blocks)
		-- struct BlockCnt:
		--   previous  -- chain (table: BlockCnt)
		--   breaklist  -- list of jumps out of this loop
		--   nactvar  -- # active local variables outside the breakable structure
		--   upval  -- true if some variable in the block is an upvalue (boolean)
		--   isbreakable  -- true if 'block' is a loop (boolean)
		----------------------------------------------------------------------]]

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- prototypes for recursive non-terminal functions
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- prototypes deleted; not required in Lua

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- reanchor if last token is has a constant string, see close_func()
		-- * used only in close_func()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaY:anchor_token(ls)
			if ls.t.token == "TK_NAME" or ls.t.token == "TK_STRING" then
				-- not relevant to Lua implementation of parser
				-- local ts = ls.t.seminfo
				-- luaX_newstring(ls, getstr(ts), ts->tsv.len); /* C */
			end
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- throws a syntax error if token expected is not there
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaY:error_expected(ls, token)
			luaX:syntaxerror(ls,
				string.format(self.LUA_QS.." expected", luaX:token2str(ls, token)))
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- prepares error message for display, for limits exceeded
		-- * used only in checklimit()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaY:errorlimit(fs, limit, what)
			local msg = (fs.f.linedefined == 0) and
				string.format("main function has more than %d %s", limit, what) or
				string.format("function at line %d has more than %d %s",
					fs.f.linedefined, limit, what)
			luaX:lexerror(fs.ls, msg, 0)
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- tests for a token, returns outcome
		-- * return value changed to boolean
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaY:testnext(ls, c)
			if ls.t.token == c then
				luaX:next(ls)
				return true
			else
				return false
			end
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- check for existence of a token, throws error if not found
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaY:check(ls, c)
			if ls.t.token ~= c then
				self:error_expected(ls, c)
			end
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- verify existence of a token, then skip it
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaY:checknext(ls, c)
			self:check(ls, c)
			luaX:next(ls)
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- throws error if condition not matched
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaY:check_condition(ls, c, msg)
			if not c then luaX:syntaxerror(ls, msg) end
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- verifies token conditions are met or else throw error
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaY:check_match(ls, what, who, where)
			if not self:testnext(ls, what) then
				if where == ls.linenumber then
					self:error_expected(ls, what)
				else
					luaX:syntaxerror(ls, string.format(
						self.LUA_QS.." expected (to close "..self.LUA_QS.." at line %d)",
						luaX:token2str(ls, what), luaX:token2str(ls, who), where))
				end
			end
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- expect that token is a name, return the name
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaY:str_checkname(ls)
			self:check(ls, "TK_NAME")
			local ts = ls.t.seminfo
			luaX:next(ls)
			return ts
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- initialize a struct expdesc, expression description data structure
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaY:init_exp(e, k, i)
			e.f, e.t = luaK.NO_JUMP, luaK.NO_JUMP
			e.k = k
			e.info = i
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- adds given string s in string pool, sets e as VK
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaY:codestring(ls, e, s)
			self:init_exp(e, "VK", luaK:stringK(ls.fs, s))
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- consume a name token, adds it to string pool, sets e as VK
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaY:checkname(ls, e)
			self:codestring(ls, e, self:str_checkname(ls))
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- creates struct entry for a local variable
		-- * used only in new_localvar()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaY:registerlocalvar(ls, varname)
			local fs = ls.fs
			local f = fs.f
			self:growvector(ls.L, f.locvars, fs.nlocvars, f.sizelocvars,
				nil, self.SHRT_MAX, "too many local variables")
			-- loop to initialize empty f.locvar positions not required
			f.locvars[fs.nlocvars] = {} -- LocVar
			f.locvars[fs.nlocvars].varname = varname
			-- luaC_objbarrier(ls.L, f, varname) /* GC */
			local nlocvars = fs.nlocvars
			fs.nlocvars = fs.nlocvars + 1
			return nlocvars
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- creates a new local variable given a name and an offset from nactvar
		-- * used in fornum(), forlist(), parlist(), body()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaY:new_localvarliteral(ls, v, n)
			self:new_localvar(ls, v, n)
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- register a local variable, set in active variable list
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaY:new_localvar(ls, name, n)
			local fs = ls.fs
			self:checklimit(fs, fs.nactvar + n + 1, self.LUAI_MAXVARS, "local variables")
			fs.actvar[fs.nactvar + n] = self:registerlocalvar(ls, name)
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- adds nvars number of new local variables, set debug information
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaY:adjustlocalvars(ls, nvars)
			local fs = ls.fs
			fs.nactvar = fs.nactvar + nvars
			for i = nvars, 1, -1 do
				self:getlocvar(fs, fs.nactvar - i).startpc = fs.pc
			end
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- removes a number of locals, set debug information
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaY:removevars(ls, tolevel)
			local fs = ls.fs
			while fs.nactvar > tolevel do
				fs.nactvar = fs.nactvar - 1
				self:getlocvar(fs, fs.nactvar).endpc = fs.pc
			end
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- returns an existing upvalue index based on the given name, or
		-- creates a new upvalue struct entry and returns the new index
		-- * used only in singlevaraux()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaY:indexupvalue(fs, name, v)
			local f = fs.f
			for i = 0, f.nups - 1 do
				if fs.upvalues[i].k == v.k and fs.upvalues[i].info == v.info then
					assert(f.upvalues[i] == name)
					return i
				end
			end
			-- new one
			self:checklimit(fs, f.nups + 1, self.LUAI_MAXUPVALUES, "upvalues")
			self:growvector(fs.L, f.upvalues, f.nups, f.sizeupvalues,
				nil, self.MAX_INT, "")
			-- loop to initialize empty f.upvalues positions not required
			f.upvalues[f.nups] = name
			-- luaC_objbarrier(fs->L, f, name); /* GC */
			assert(v.k == "VLOCAL" or v.k == "VUPVAL")
			-- this is a partial copy; only k & info fields used
			fs.upvalues[f.nups] = { k = v.k, info = v.info }
			local nups = f.nups
			f.nups = f.nups + 1
			return nups
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- search the local variable namespace of the given fs for a match
		-- * used only in singlevaraux()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaY:searchvar(fs, n)
			for i = fs.nactvar - 1, 0, -1 do
				if n == self:getlocvar(fs, i).varname then
					return i
				end
			end
			return -1  -- not found
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- * mark upvalue flags in function states up to a given level
		-- * used only in singlevaraux()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaY:markupval(fs, level)
			local bl = fs.bl
			while bl and bl.nactvar > level do bl = bl.previous end
			if bl then bl.upval = true end
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- handle locals, globals and upvalues and related processing
		-- * search mechanism is recursive, calls itself to search parents
		-- * used only in singlevar()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaY:singlevaraux(fs, n, var, base)
			if fs == nil then  -- no more levels?
				self:init_exp(var, "VGLOBAL", luaP.NO_REG)  -- default is global variable
				return "VGLOBAL"
			else
				local v = self:searchvar(fs, n)  -- look up at current level
				if v >= 0 then
					self:init_exp(var, "VLOCAL", v)
					if base == 0 then
						self:markupval(fs, v)  -- local will be used as an upval
					end
					return "VLOCAL"
				else  -- not found at current level; try upper one
					if self:singlevaraux(fs.prev, n, var, 0) == "VGLOBAL" then
						return "VGLOBAL"
					end
					var.info = self:indexupvalue(fs, n, var)  -- else was LOCAL or UPVAL
					var.k = "VUPVAL"  -- upvalue in this level
					return "VUPVAL"
				end--if v
			end--if fs
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- consume a name token, creates a variable (global|local|upvalue)
		-- * used in prefixexp(), funcname()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaY:singlevar(ls, var)
			local varname = self:str_checkname(ls)
			local fs = ls.fs
			if self:singlevaraux(fs, varname, var, 1) == "VGLOBAL" then
				var.info = luaK:stringK(fs, varname)  -- info points to global name
			end
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- adjust RHS to match LHS in an assignment
		-- * used in assignment(), forlist(), localstat()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaY:adjust_assign(ls, nvars, nexps, e)
			local fs = ls.fs
			local extra = nvars - nexps
			if self:hasmultret(e.k) then
				extra = extra + 1  -- includes call itself
				if extra <= 0 then extra = 0 end
				luaK:setreturns(fs, e, extra)  -- last exp. provides the difference
				if extra > 1 then luaK:reserveregs(fs, extra - 1) end
			else
				if e.k ~= "VVOID" then luaK:exp2nextreg(fs, e) end  -- close last expression
				if extra > 0 then
					local reg = fs.freereg
					luaK:reserveregs(fs, extra)
					luaK:_nil(fs, reg, extra)
				end
			end
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- tracks and limits parsing depth, assert check at end of parsing
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaY:enterlevel(ls)
			ls.L.nCcalls = ls.L.nCcalls + 1
			if ls.L.nCcalls > self.LUAI_MAXCCALLS then
				luaX:lexerror(ls, "chunk has too many syntax levels", 0)
			end
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- tracks parsing depth, a pair with luaY:enterlevel()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaY:leavelevel(ls)
			ls.L.nCcalls = ls.L.nCcalls - 1
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- enters a code unit, initializes elements
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaY:enterblock(fs, bl, isbreakable)
			bl.breaklist = luaK.NO_JUMP
			bl.isbreakable = isbreakable
			bl.nactvar = fs.nactvar
			bl.upval = false
			bl.previous = fs.bl
			fs.bl = bl
			assert(fs.freereg == fs.nactvar)
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- leaves a code unit, close any upvalues
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaY:leaveblock(fs)
			local bl = fs.bl
			fs.bl = bl.previous
			self:removevars(fs.ls, bl.nactvar)
			if bl.upval then
				luaK:codeABC(fs, "OP_CLOSE", bl.nactvar, 0, 0)
			end
			-- a block either controls scope or breaks (never both)
			assert(not bl.isbreakable or not bl.upval)
			assert(bl.nactvar == fs.nactvar)
			fs.freereg = fs.nactvar  -- free registers
			luaK:patchtohere(fs, bl.breaklist)
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- implement the instantiation of a function prototype, append list of
		-- upvalues after the instantiation instruction
		-- * used only in body()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaY:pushclosure(ls, func, v)
			local fs = ls.fs
			local f = fs.f
			self:growvector(ls.L, f.p, fs.np, f.sizep, nil,
				luaP.MAXARG_Bx, "constant table overflow")
			-- loop to initialize empty f.p positions not required
			f.p[fs.np] = func.f
			fs.np = fs.np + 1
			-- luaC_objbarrier(ls->L, f, func->f); /* C */
			self:init_exp(v, "VRELOCABLE", luaK:codeABx(fs, "OP_CLOSURE", 0, fs.np - 1))
			for i = 0, func.f.nups - 1 do
				local o = (func.upvalues[i].k == "VLOCAL") and "OP_MOVE" or "OP_GETUPVAL"
				luaK:codeABC(fs, o, 0, func.upvalues[i].info, 0)
			end
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- opening of a function
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaY:open_func(ls, fs)
			local L = ls.L
			local f = self:newproto(ls.L)
			fs.f = f
			fs.prev = ls.fs  -- linked list of funcstates
			fs.ls = ls
			fs.L = L
			ls.fs = fs
			fs.pc = 0
			fs.lasttarget = -1
			fs.jpc = luaK.NO_JUMP
			fs.freereg = 0
			fs.nk = 0
			fs.np = 0
			fs.nlocvars = 0
			fs.nactvar = 0
			fs.bl = nil
			f.source = ls.source
			f.maxstacksize = 2  -- registers 0/1 are always valid
			fs.h = {}  -- constant table; was luaH_new call
			-- anchor table of constants and prototype (to avoid being collected)
			-- sethvalue2s(L, L->top, fs->h); incr_top(L); /* C */
			-- setptvalue2s(L, L->top, f); incr_top(L);
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- closing of a function
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaY:close_func(ls)
			local L = ls.L
			local fs = ls.fs
			local f = fs.f
			self:removevars(ls, 0)
			luaK:ret(fs, 0, 0)  -- final return
			-- luaM_reallocvector deleted for f->code, f->lineinfo, f->k, f->p,
			-- f->locvars, f->upvalues; not required for Lua table arrays
			f.sizecode = fs.pc
			f.sizelineinfo = fs.pc
			f.sizek = fs.nk
			f.sizep = fs.np
			f.sizelocvars = fs.nlocvars
			f.sizeupvalues = f.nups
			--assert(luaG_checkcode(f))  -- currently not implemented
			assert(fs.bl == nil)
			ls.fs = fs.prev
			-- the following is not required for this implementation; kept here
			-- for completeness
			-- L->top -= 2;  /* remove table and prototype from the stack */
			-- last token read was anchored in defunct function; must reanchor it
			if fs then self:anchor_token(ls) end
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- parser initialization function
		-- * note additional sub-tables needed for LexState, FuncState
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaY:parser(L, z, buff, name)
			local lexstate = {}  -- LexState
			lexstate.t = {}
			lexstate.lookahead = {}
			local funcstate = {}  -- FuncState
			funcstate.upvalues = {}
			funcstate.actvar = {}
			-- the following nCcalls initialization added for convenience
			L.nCcalls = 0
			lexstate.buff = buff
			luaX:setinput(L, lexstate, z, name)
			self:open_func(lexstate, funcstate)
			funcstate.f.is_vararg = self.VARARG_ISVARARG  -- main func. is always vararg
			luaX:next(lexstate)  -- read first token
			self:chunk(lexstate)
			self:check(lexstate, "TK_EOS")
			self:close_func(lexstate)
			assert(funcstate.prev == nil)
			assert(funcstate.f.nups == 0)
			assert(lexstate.fs == nil)
			return funcstate.f
		end

	--[[--------------------------------------------------------------------
	-- GRAMMAR RULES
	----------------------------------------------------------------------]]

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- parse a function name suffix, for function call specifications
		-- * used in primaryexp(), funcname()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaY:field(ls, v)
			-- field -> ['.' | ':'] NAME
			local fs = ls.fs
			local key = {}  -- expdesc
			luaK:exp2anyreg(fs, v)
			luaX:next(ls)  -- skip the dot or colon
			self:checkname(ls, key)
			luaK:indexed(fs, v, key)
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- parse a table indexing suffix, for constructors, expressions
		-- * used in recfield(), primaryexp()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaY:yindex(ls, v)
			-- index -> '[' expr ']'
			luaX:next(ls)  -- skip the '['
			self:expr(ls, v)
			luaK:exp2val(ls.fs, v)
			self:checknext(ls, "]")
		end

	--[[--------------------------------------------------------------------
	-- Rules for Constructors
	----------------------------------------------------------------------]]

	--[[--------------------------------------------------------------------
	-- struct ConsControl:
	--   v  -- last list item read (table: struct expdesc)
	--   t  -- table descriptor (table: struct expdesc)
	--   nh  -- total number of 'record' elements
	--   na  -- total number of array elements
	--   tostore  -- number of array elements pending to be stored
	----------------------------------------------------------------------]]

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- parse a table record (hash) field
		-- * used in constructor()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaY:recfield(ls, cc)
			-- recfield -> (NAME | '['exp1']') = exp1
			local fs = ls.fs
			local reg = ls.fs.freereg
			local key, val = {}, {}  -- expdesc
			if ls.t.token == "TK_NAME" then
				self:checklimit(fs, cc.nh, self.MAX_INT, "items in a constructor")
				self:checkname(ls, key)
			else  -- ls->t.token == '['
				self:yindex(ls, key)
			end
			cc.nh = cc.nh + 1
			self:checknext(ls, "=")
			local rkkey = luaK:exp2RK(fs, key)
			self:expr(ls, val)
			luaK:codeABC(fs, "OP_SETTABLE", cc.t.info, rkkey, luaK:exp2RK(fs, val))
			fs.freereg = reg  -- free registers
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- emit a set list instruction if enough elements (LFIELDS_PER_FLUSH)
		-- * used in constructor()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaY:closelistfield(fs, cc)
			if cc.v.k == "VVOID" then return end  -- there is no list item
			luaK:exp2nextreg(fs, cc.v)
			cc.v.k = "VVOID"
			if cc.tostore == luaP.LFIELDS_PER_FLUSH then
				luaK:setlist(fs, cc.t.info, cc.na, cc.tostore)  -- flush
				cc.tostore = 0  -- no more items pending
			end
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- emit a set list instruction at the end of parsing list constructor
		-- * used in constructor()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaY:lastlistfield(fs, cc)
			if cc.tostore == 0 then return end
			if self:hasmultret(cc.v.k) then
				luaK:setmultret(fs, cc.v)
				luaK:setlist(fs, cc.t.info, cc.na, self.LUA_MULTRET)
				cc.na = cc.na - 1  -- do not count last expression (unknown number of elements)
			else
				if cc.v.k ~= "VVOID" then
					luaK:exp2nextreg(fs, cc.v)
				end
				luaK:setlist(fs, cc.t.info, cc.na, cc.tostore)
			end
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- parse a table list (array) field
		-- * used in constructor()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaY:listfield(ls, cc)
			self:expr(ls, cc.v)
			self:checklimit(ls.fs, cc.na, self.MAX_INT, "items in a constructor")
			cc.na = cc.na + 1
			cc.tostore = cc.tostore + 1
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- parse a table constructor
		-- * used in funcargs(), simpleexp()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaY:constructor(ls, t)
			-- constructor -> '{' [ field { fieldsep field } [ fieldsep ] ] '}'
			-- field -> recfield | listfield
			-- fieldsep -> ',' | ';'
			local fs = ls.fs
			local line = ls.linenumber
			local pc = luaK:codeABC(fs, "OP_NEWTABLE", 0, 0, 0)
			local cc = {}  -- ConsControl
			cc.v = {}
			cc.na, cc.nh, cc.tostore = 0, 0, 0
			cc.t = t
			self:init_exp(t, "VRELOCABLE", pc)
			self:init_exp(cc.v, "VVOID", 0)  -- no value (yet)
			luaK:exp2nextreg(ls.fs, t)  -- fix it at stack top (for gc)
			self:checknext(ls, "{")
			repeat
				assert(cc.v.k == "VVOID" or cc.tostore > 0)
				if ls.t.token == "}" then break end
				self:closelistfield(fs, cc)
				local c = ls.t.token

				if c == "TK_NAME" then  -- may be listfields or recfields
					luaX:lookahead(ls)
					if ls.lookahead.token ~= "=" then  -- expression?
						self:listfield(ls, cc)
					else
						self:recfield(ls, cc)
					end
				elseif c == "[" then  -- constructor_item -> recfield
					self:recfield(ls, cc)
				else  -- constructor_part -> listfield
					self:listfield(ls, cc)
				end
			until not self:testnext(ls, ",") and not self:testnext(ls, ";")
			self:check_match(ls, "}", "{", line)
			self:lastlistfield(fs, cc)
			luaP:SETARG_B(fs.f.code[pc], self:int2fb(cc.na)) -- set initial array size
			luaP:SETARG_C(fs.f.code[pc], self:int2fb(cc.nh)) -- set initial table size
		end

		-- }======================================================================

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- parse the arguments (parameters) of a function declaration
		-- * used in body()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaY:parlist(ls)
			-- parlist -> [ param { ',' param } ]
			local fs = ls.fs
			local f = fs.f
			local nparams = 0
			f.is_vararg = 0
			if ls.t.token ~= ")" then  -- is 'parlist' not empty?
				repeat
					local c = ls.t.token
					if c == "TK_NAME" then  -- param -> NAME
						self:new_localvar(ls, self:str_checkname(ls), nparams)
						nparams = nparams + 1
					elseif c == "TK_DOTS" then  -- param -> `...'
						luaX:next(ls)
						-- [[
						-- #if defined(LUA_COMPAT_VARARG)
						-- use `arg' as default name
						self:new_localvarliteral(ls, "arg", nparams)
						nparams = nparams + 1
						f.is_vararg = self.VARARG_HASARG + self.VARARG_NEEDSARG
						-- #endif
						--]]
						f.is_vararg = f.is_vararg + self.VARARG_ISVARARG
					else
						luaX:syntaxerror(ls, "<name> or "..self:LUA_QL("...").." expected")
					end
				until f.is_vararg ~= 0 or not self:testnext(ls, ",")
			end--if
			self:adjustlocalvars(ls, nparams)
			-- NOTE: the following works only when HASARG_MASK is 2!
			f.numparams = fs.nactvar - (f.is_vararg % self.HASARG_MASK)
			luaK:reserveregs(fs, fs.nactvar)  -- reserve register for parameters
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- parse function declaration body
		-- * used in simpleexp(), localfunc(), funcstat()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaY:body(ls, e, needself, line)
			-- body ->  '(' parlist ')' chunk END
			local new_fs = {}  -- FuncState
			new_fs.upvalues = {}
			new_fs.actvar = {}
			self:open_func(ls, new_fs)
			new_fs.f.lineDefined = line
			self:checknext(ls, "(")
			if needself then
				self:new_localvarliteral(ls, "self", 0)
				self:adjustlocalvars(ls, 1)
			end
			self:parlist(ls)
			self:checknext(ls, ")")
			self:chunk(ls)
			new_fs.f.lastlinedefined = ls.linenumber
			self:check_match(ls, "TK_END", "TK_FUNCTION", line)
			self:close_func(ls)
			self:pushclosure(ls, new_fs, e)
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- parse a list of comma-separated expressions
		-- * used is multiple locations
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaY:explist1(ls, v)
			-- explist1 -> expr { ',' expr }
			local n = 1  -- at least one expression
			self:expr(ls, v)
			while self:testnext(ls, ",") do
				luaK:exp2nextreg(ls.fs, v)
				self:expr(ls, v)
				n = n + 1
			end
			return n
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- parse the parameters of a function call
		-- * contrast with parlist(), used in function declarations
		-- * used in primaryexp()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaY:funcargs(ls, f)
			local fs = ls.fs
			local args = {}  -- expdesc
			local nparams
			local line = ls.linenumber
			local c = ls.t.token
			if c == "(" then  -- funcargs -> '(' [ explist1 ] ')'
				if line ~= ls.lastline then
					luaX:syntaxerror(ls, "ambiguous syntax (function call x new statement)")
				end
				luaX:next(ls)
				if ls.t.token == ")" then  -- arg list is empty?
					args.k = "VVOID"
				else
					self:explist1(ls, args)
					luaK:setmultret(fs, args)
				end
				self:check_match(ls, ")", "(", line)
			elseif c == "{" then  -- funcargs -> constructor
				self:constructor(ls, args)
			elseif c == "TK_STRING" then  -- funcargs -> STRING
				self:codestring(ls, args, ls.t.seminfo)
				luaX:next(ls)  -- must use 'seminfo' before 'next'
			else
				luaX:syntaxerror(ls, "function arguments expected")
				return
			end
			assert(f.k == "VNONRELOC")
			local base = f.info  -- base register for call
			if self:hasmultret(args.k) then
				nparams = self.LUA_MULTRET  -- open call
			else
				if args.k ~= "VVOID" then
					luaK:exp2nextreg(fs, args)  -- close last argument
				end
				nparams = fs.freereg - (base + 1)
			end
			self:init_exp(f, "VCALL", luaK:codeABC(fs, "OP_CALL", base, nparams + 1, 2))
			luaK:fixline(fs, line)
			fs.freereg = base + 1  -- call remove function and arguments and leaves
			-- (unless changed) one result
		end

	--[[--------------------------------------------------------------------
	-- Expression parsing
	----------------------------------------------------------------------]]

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- parses an expression in parentheses or a single variable
		-- * used in primaryexp()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaY:prefixexp(ls, v)
			-- prefixexp -> NAME | '(' expr ')'
			local c = ls.t.token
			if c == "(" then
				local line = ls.linenumber
				luaX:next(ls)
				self:expr(ls, v)
				self:check_match(ls, ")", "(", line)
				luaK:dischargevars(ls.fs, v)
			elseif c == "TK_NAME" then
				self:singlevar(ls, v)
			else
				luaX:syntaxerror(ls, "unexpected symbol")
			end--if c
			return
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- parses a prefixexp (an expression in parentheses or a single variable)
		-- or a function call specification
		-- * used in simpleexp(), assignment(), exprstat()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaY:primaryexp(ls, v)
			-- primaryexp ->
			--    prefixexp { '.' NAME | '[' exp ']' | ':' NAME funcargs | funcargs }
			local fs = ls.fs
			self:prefixexp(ls, v)
			while true do
				local c = ls.t.token
				if c == "." then  -- field
					self:field(ls, v)
				elseif c == "[" then  -- '[' exp1 ']'
					local key = {}  -- expdesc
					luaK:exp2anyreg(fs, v)
					self:yindex(ls, key)
					luaK:indexed(fs, v, key)
				elseif c == ":" then  -- ':' NAME funcargs
					local key = {}  -- expdesc
					luaX:next(ls)
					self:checkname(ls, key)
					luaK:_self(fs, v, key)
					self:funcargs(ls, v)
				elseif c == "(" or c == "TK_STRING" or c == "{" then  -- funcargs
					luaK:exp2nextreg(fs, v)
					self:funcargs(ls, v)
				else
					return
				end--if c
			end--while
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- parses general expression types, constants handled here
		-- * used in subexpr()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaY:simpleexp(ls, v)
			-- simpleexp -> NUMBER | STRING | NIL | TRUE | FALSE | ... |
			--              constructor | FUNCTION body | primaryexp
			local c = ls.t.token
			if c == "TK_NUMBER" then
				self:init_exp(v, "VKNUM", 0)
				v.nval = ls.t.seminfo
			elseif c == "TK_STRING" then
				self:codestring(ls, v, ls.t.seminfo)
			elseif c == "TK_NIL" then
				self:init_exp(v, "VNIL", 0)
			elseif c == "TK_TRUE" then
				self:init_exp(v, "VTRUE", 0)
			elseif c == "TK_FALSE" then
				self:init_exp(v, "VFALSE", 0)
			elseif c == "TK_DOTS" then  -- vararg
				local fs = ls.fs
				self:check_condition(ls, fs.f.is_vararg ~= 0,
					"cannot use "..self:LUA_QL("...").." outside a vararg function");
				-- NOTE: the following substitutes for a bitop, but is value-specific
				local is_vararg = fs.f.is_vararg
				if is_vararg >= self.VARARG_NEEDSARG then
					fs.f.is_vararg = is_vararg - self.VARARG_NEEDSARG  -- don't need 'arg'
				end
				self:init_exp(v, "VVARARG", luaK:codeABC(fs, "OP_VARARG", 0, 1, 0))
			elseif c == "{" then  -- constructor
				self:constructor(ls, v)
				return
			elseif c == "TK_FUNCTION" then
				luaX:next(ls)
				self:body(ls, v, false, ls.linenumber)
				return
			else
				self:primaryexp(ls, v)
				return
			end--if c
			luaX:next(ls)
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- Translates unary operators tokens if found, otherwise returns
		-- OPR_NOUNOPR. getunopr() and getbinopr() are used in subexpr().
		-- * used in subexpr()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaY:getunopr(op)
			if op == "TK_NOT" then
				return "OPR_NOT"
			elseif op == "-" then
				return "OPR_MINUS"
			elseif op == "#" then
				return "OPR_LEN"
			else
				return "OPR_NOUNOPR"
			end
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- Translates binary operator tokens if found, otherwise returns
		-- OPR_NOBINOPR. Code generation uses OPR_* style tokens.
		-- * used in subexpr()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		luaY.getbinopr_table = {
			["+"] = "OPR_ADD",
			["-"] = "OPR_SUB",
			["*"] = "OPR_MUL",
			["/"] = "OPR_DIV",
			["%"] = "OPR_MOD",
			["^"] = "OPR_POW",
			["TK_CONCAT"] = "OPR_CONCAT",
			["TK_NE"] = "OPR_NE",
			["TK_EQ"] = "OPR_EQ",
			["<"] = "OPR_LT",
			["TK_LE"] = "OPR_LE",
			[">"] = "OPR_GT",
			["TK_GE"] = "OPR_GE",
			["TK_AND"] = "OPR_AND",
			["TK_OR"] = "OPR_OR",
		}
		function luaY:getbinopr(op)
			local opr = self.getbinopr_table[op]
			if opr then return opr else return "OPR_NOBINOPR" end
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- the following priority table consists of pairs of left/right values
		-- for binary operators (was a static const struct); grep for ORDER OPR
		-- * the following struct is replaced:
		--   static const struct {
		--     lu_byte left;  /* left priority for each binary operator */
		--     lu_byte right; /* right priority */
		--   } priority[] = {  /* ORDER OPR */
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		luaY.priority = {
			{6, 6}, {6, 6}, {7, 7}, {7, 7}, {7, 7}, -- `+' `-' `/' `%'
			{10, 9}, {5, 4},                 -- power and concat (right associative)
			{3, 3}, {3, 3},                  -- equality
			{3, 3}, {3, 3}, {3, 3}, {3, 3},  -- order
			{2, 2}, {1, 1}                   -- logical (and/or)
		}

		luaY.UNARY_PRIORITY = 8  -- priority for unary operators

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- Parse subexpressions. Includes handling of unary operators and binary
		-- operators. A subexpr is given the rhs priority level of the operator
		-- immediately left of it, if any (limit is -1 if none,) and if a binop
		-- is found, limit is compared with the lhs priority level of the binop
		-- in order to determine which executes first.
		------------------------------------------------------------------------

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- subexpr -> (simpleexp | unop subexpr) { binop subexpr }
		-- where 'binop' is any binary operator with a priority higher than 'limit'
		-- * for priority lookups with self.priority[], 1=left and 2=right
		-- * recursively called
		-- * used in expr()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaY:subexpr(ls, v, limit)
			self:enterlevel(ls)
			local uop = self:getunopr(ls.t.token)
			if uop ~= "OPR_NOUNOPR" then
				luaX:next(ls)
				self:subexpr(ls, v, self.UNARY_PRIORITY)
				luaK:prefix(ls.fs, uop, v)
			else
				self:simpleexp(ls, v)
			end
			-- expand while operators have priorities higher than 'limit'
			local op = self:getbinopr(ls.t.token)
			while op ~= "OPR_NOBINOPR" and self.priority[luaK.BinOpr[op] + 1][1] > limit do
				local v2 = {}  -- expdesc
				luaX:next(ls)
				luaK:infix(ls.fs, op, v)
				-- read sub-expression with higher priority
				local nextop = self:subexpr(ls, v2, self.priority[luaK.BinOpr[op] + 1][2])
				luaK:posfix(ls.fs, op, v, v2)
				op = nextop
			end
			self:leavelevel(ls)
			return op  -- return first untreated operator
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- Expression parsing starts here. Function subexpr is entered with the
		-- left operator (which is non-existent) priority of -1, which is lower
		-- than all actual operators. Expr information is returned in parm v.
		-- * used in multiple locations
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaY:expr(ls, v)
			self:subexpr(ls, v, 0)
		end

		-- }====================================================================

	--[[--------------------------------------------------------------------
	-- Rules for Statements
	----------------------------------------------------------------------]]

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- checks next token, used as a look-ahead
		-- * returns boolean instead of 0|1
		-- * used in retstat(), chunk()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaY:block_follow(token)
			if token == "TK_ELSE" or token == "TK_ELSEIF" or token == "TK_END"
				or token == "TK_UNTIL" or token == "TK_EOS" then
				return true
			else
				return false
			end
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- parse a code block or unit
		-- * used in multiple functions
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaY:block(ls)
			-- block -> chunk
			local fs = ls.fs
			local bl = {}  -- BlockCnt
			self:enterblock(fs, bl, false)
			self:chunk(ls)
			assert(bl.breaklist == luaK.NO_JUMP)
			self:leaveblock(fs)
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- structure to chain all variables in the left-hand side of an
		-- assignment
		-- struct LHS_assign:
		--   prev  -- (table: struct LHS_assign)
		--   v  -- variable (global, local, upvalue, or indexed) (table: expdesc)
		------------------------------------------------------------------------

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- check whether, in an assignment to a local variable, the local variable
		-- is needed in a previous assignment (to a table). If so, save original
		-- local value in a safe place and use this safe copy in the previous
		-- assignment.
		-- * used in assignment()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaY:check_conflict(ls, lh, v)
			local fs = ls.fs
			local extra = fs.freereg  -- eventual position to save local variable
			local conflict = false
			while lh do
				if lh.v.k == "VINDEXED" then
					if lh.v.info == v.info then  -- conflict?
						conflict = true
						lh.v.info = extra  -- previous assignment will use safe copy
					end
					if lh.v.aux == v.info then  -- conflict?
						conflict = true
						lh.v.aux = extra  -- previous assignment will use safe copy
					end
				end
				lh = lh.prev
			end
			if conflict then
				luaK:codeABC(fs, "OP_MOVE", fs.freereg, v.info, 0)  -- make copy
				luaK:reserveregs(fs, 1)
			end
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- parse a variable assignment sequence
		-- * recursively called
		-- * used in exprstat()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaY:assignment(ls, lh, nvars)
			local e = {}  -- expdesc
			-- test was: VLOCAL <= lh->v.k && lh->v.k <= VINDEXED
			local c = lh.v.k
			self:check_condition(ls, c == "VLOCAL" or c == "VUPVAL" or c == "VGLOBAL"
				or c == "VINDEXED", "syntax error")
			if self:testnext(ls, ",") then  -- assignment -> ',' primaryexp assignment
				local nv = {}  -- LHS_assign
				nv.v = {}
				nv.prev = lh
				self:primaryexp(ls, nv.v)
				if nv.v.k == "VLOCAL" then
					self:check_conflict(ls, lh, nv.v)
				end
				self:checklimit(ls.fs, nvars, self.LUAI_MAXCCALLS - ls.L.nCcalls,
					"variables in assignment")
				self:assignment(ls, nv, nvars + 1)
			else  -- assignment -> '=' explist1
				self:checknext(ls, "=")
				local nexps = self:explist1(ls, e)
				if nexps ~= nvars then
					self:adjust_assign(ls, nvars, nexps, e)
					if nexps > nvars then
						ls.fs.freereg = ls.fs.freereg - (nexps - nvars)  -- remove extra values
					end
				else
					luaK:setoneret(ls.fs, e)  -- close last expression
					luaK:storevar(ls.fs, lh.v, e)
					return  -- avoid default
				end
			end
			self:init_exp(e, "VNONRELOC", ls.fs.freereg - 1)  -- default assignment
			luaK:storevar(ls.fs, lh.v, e)
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- parse condition in a repeat statement or an if control structure
		-- * used in repeatstat(), test_then_block()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaY:cond(ls)
			-- cond -> exp
			local v = {}  -- expdesc
			self:expr(ls, v)  -- read condition
			if v.k == "VNIL" then v.k = "VFALSE" end  -- 'falses' are all equal here
			luaK:goiftrue(ls.fs, v)
			return v.f
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- parse a break statement
		-- * used in statements()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaY:breakstat(ls)
			-- stat -> BREAK
			local fs = ls.fs
			local bl = fs.bl
			local upval = false
			while bl and not bl.isbreakable do
				if bl.upval then upval = true end
				bl = bl.previous
			end
			if not bl then
				luaX:syntaxerror(ls, "no loop to break")
			end
			if upval then
				luaK:codeABC(fs, "OP_CLOSE", bl.nactvar, 0, 0)
			end
			bl.breaklist = luaK:concat(fs, bl.breaklist, luaK:jump(fs))
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- parse a while-do control structure, body processed by block()
		-- * with dynamic array sizes, MAXEXPWHILE + EXTRAEXP limits imposed by
		--   the function's implementation can be removed
		-- * used in statements()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaY:whilestat(ls, line)
			-- whilestat -> WHILE cond DO block END
			local fs = ls.fs
			local bl = {}  -- BlockCnt
			luaX:next(ls)  -- skip WHILE
			local whileinit = luaK:getlabel(fs)
			local condexit = self:cond(ls)
			self:enterblock(fs, bl, true)
			self:checknext(ls, "TK_DO")
			self:block(ls)
			luaK:patchlist(fs, luaK:jump(fs), whileinit)
			self:check_match(ls, "TK_END", "TK_WHILE", line)
			self:leaveblock(fs)
			luaK:patchtohere(fs, condexit)  -- false conditions finish the loop
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- parse a repeat-until control structure, body parsed by chunk()
		-- * used in statements()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaY:repeatstat(ls, line)
			-- repeatstat -> REPEAT block UNTIL cond
			local fs = ls.fs
			local repeat_init = luaK:getlabel(fs)
			local bl1, bl2 = {}, {}  -- BlockCnt
			self:enterblock(fs, bl1, true)  -- loop block
			self:enterblock(fs, bl2, false)  -- scope block
			luaX:next(ls)  -- skip REPEAT
			self:chunk(ls)
			self:check_match(ls, "TK_UNTIL", "TK_REPEAT", line)
			local condexit = self:cond(ls)  -- read condition (inside scope block)
			if not bl2.upval then  -- no upvalues?
				self:leaveblock(fs)  -- finish scope
				luaK:patchlist(ls.fs, condexit, repeat_init)  -- close the loop
			else  -- complete semantics when there are upvalues
				self:breakstat(ls)  -- if condition then break
				luaK:patchtohere(ls.fs, condexit)  -- else...
				self:leaveblock(fs)  -- finish scope...
				luaK:patchlist(ls.fs, luaK:jump(fs), repeat_init)  -- and repeat
			end
			self:leaveblock(fs)  -- finish loop
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- parse the single expressions needed in numerical for loops
		-- * used in fornum()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaY:exp1(ls)
			local e = {}  -- expdesc
			self:expr(ls, e)
			local k = e.k
			luaK:exp2nextreg(ls.fs, e)
			return k
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- parse a for loop body for both versions of the for loop
		-- * used in fornum(), forlist()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaY:forbody(ls, base, line, nvars, isnum)
			-- forbody -> DO block
			local bl = {}  -- BlockCnt
			local fs = ls.fs
			self:adjustlocalvars(ls, 3)  -- control variables
			self:checknext(ls, "TK_DO")
			local prep = isnum and luaK:codeAsBx(fs, "OP_FORPREP", base, luaK.NO_JUMP)
				or luaK:jump(fs)
			self:enterblock(fs, bl, false)  -- scope for declared variables
			self:adjustlocalvars(ls, nvars)
			luaK:reserveregs(fs, nvars)
			self:block(ls)
			self:leaveblock(fs)  -- end of scope for declared variables
			luaK:patchtohere(fs, prep)
			local endfor = isnum and luaK:codeAsBx(fs, "OP_FORLOOP", base, luaK.NO_JUMP)
				or luaK:codeABC(fs, "OP_TFORLOOP", base, 0, nvars)
			luaK:fixline(fs, line)  -- pretend that `OP_FOR' starts the loop
			luaK:patchlist(fs, isnum and endfor or luaK:jump(fs), prep + 1)
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- parse a numerical for loop, calls forbody()
		-- * used in forstat()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaY:fornum(ls, varname, line)
			-- fornum -> NAME = exp1,exp1[,exp1] forbody
			local fs = ls.fs
			local base = fs.freereg
			self:new_localvarliteral(ls, "(for index)", 0)
			self:new_localvarliteral(ls, "(for limit)", 1)
			self:new_localvarliteral(ls, "(for step)", 2)
			self:new_localvar(ls, varname, 3)
			self:checknext(ls, '=')
			self:exp1(ls)  -- initial value
			self:checknext(ls, ",")
			self:exp1(ls)  -- limit
			if self:testnext(ls, ",") then
				self:exp1(ls)  -- optional step
			else  -- default step = 1
				luaK:codeABx(fs, "OP_LOADK", fs.freereg, luaK:numberK(fs, 1))
				luaK:reserveregs(fs, 1)
			end
			self:forbody(ls, base, line, 1, true)
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- parse a generic for loop, calls forbody()
		-- * used in forstat()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaY:forlist(ls, indexname)
			-- forlist -> NAME {,NAME} IN explist1 forbody
			local fs = ls.fs
			local e = {}  -- expdesc
			local nvars = 0
			local base = fs.freereg
			-- create control variables
			self:new_localvarliteral(ls, "(for generator)", nvars)
			nvars = nvars + 1
			self:new_localvarliteral(ls, "(for state)", nvars)
			nvars = nvars + 1
			self:new_localvarliteral(ls, "(for control)", nvars)
			nvars = nvars + 1
			-- create declared variables
			self:new_localvar(ls, indexname, nvars)
			nvars = nvars + 1
			while self:testnext(ls, ",") do
				self:new_localvar(ls, self:str_checkname(ls), nvars)
				nvars = nvars + 1
			end
			self:checknext(ls, "TK_IN")
			local line = ls.linenumber
			self:adjust_assign(ls, 3, self:explist1(ls, e), e)
			luaK:checkstack(fs, 3)  -- extra space to call generator
			self:forbody(ls, base, line, nvars - 3, false)
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- initial parsing for a for loop, calls fornum() or forlist()
		-- * used in statements()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaY:forstat(ls, line)
			-- forstat -> FOR (fornum | forlist) END
			local fs = ls.fs
			local bl = {}  -- BlockCnt
			self:enterblock(fs, bl, true)  -- scope for loop and control variables
			luaX:next(ls)  -- skip `for'
			local varname = self:str_checkname(ls)  -- first variable name
			local c = ls.t.token
			if c == "=" then
				self:fornum(ls, varname, line)
			elseif c == "," or c == "TK_IN" then
				self:forlist(ls, varname)
			else
				luaX:syntaxerror(ls, self:LUA_QL("=").." or "..self:LUA_QL("in").." expected")
			end
			self:check_match(ls, "TK_END", "TK_FOR", line)
			self:leaveblock(fs)  -- loop scope (`break' jumps to this point)
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- parse part of an if control structure, including the condition
		-- * used in ifstat()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaY:test_then_block(ls)
			-- test_then_block -> [IF | ELSEIF] cond THEN block
			luaX:next(ls)  -- skip IF or ELSEIF
			local condexit = self:cond(ls)
			self:checknext(ls, "TK_THEN")
			self:block(ls)  -- `then' part
			return condexit
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- parse an if control structure
		-- * used in statements()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaY:ifstat(ls, line)
			-- ifstat -> IF cond THEN block {ELSEIF cond THEN block} [ELSE block] END
			local fs = ls.fs
			local escapelist = luaK.NO_JUMP
			local flist = self:test_then_block(ls)  -- IF cond THEN block
			while ls.t.token == "TK_ELSEIF" do
				escapelist = luaK:concat(fs, escapelist, luaK:jump(fs))
				luaK:patchtohere(fs, flist)
				flist = self:test_then_block(ls)  -- ELSEIF cond THEN block
			end
			if ls.t.token == "TK_ELSE" then
				escapelist = luaK:concat(fs, escapelist, luaK:jump(fs))
				luaK:patchtohere(fs, flist)
				luaX:next(ls)  -- skip ELSE (after patch, for correct line info)
				self:block(ls)  -- 'else' part
			else
				escapelist = luaK:concat(fs, escapelist, flist)
			end
			luaK:patchtohere(fs, escapelist)
			self:check_match(ls, "TK_END", "TK_IF", line)
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- parse a local function statement
		-- * used in statements()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaY:localfunc(ls)
			local v, b = {}, {}  -- expdesc
			local fs = ls.fs
			self:new_localvar(ls, self:str_checkname(ls), 0)
			self:init_exp(v, "VLOCAL", fs.freereg)
			luaK:reserveregs(fs, 1)
			self:adjustlocalvars(ls, 1)
			self:body(ls, b, false, ls.linenumber)
			luaK:storevar(fs, v, b)
			-- debug information will only see the variable after this point!
			self:getlocvar(fs, fs.nactvar - 1).startpc = fs.pc
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- parse a local variable declaration statement
		-- * used in statements()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaY:localstat(ls)
			-- stat -> LOCAL NAME {',' NAME} ['=' explist1]
			local nvars = 0
			local nexps
			local e = {}  -- expdesc
			repeat
				self:new_localvar(ls, self:str_checkname(ls), nvars)
				nvars = nvars + 1
			until not self:testnext(ls, ",")
			if self:testnext(ls, "=") then
				nexps = self:explist1(ls, e)
			else
				e.k = "VVOID"
				nexps = 0
			end
			self:adjust_assign(ls, nvars, nexps, e)
			self:adjustlocalvars(ls, nvars)
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- parse a function name specification
		-- * used in funcstat()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaY:funcname(ls, v)
			-- funcname -> NAME {field} [':' NAME]
			local needself = false
			self:singlevar(ls, v)
			while ls.t.token == "." do
				self:field(ls, v)
			end
			if ls.t.token == ":" then
				needself = true
				self:field(ls, v)
			end
			return needself
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- parse a function statement
		-- * used in statements()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaY:funcstat(ls, line)
			-- funcstat -> FUNCTION funcname body
			local v, b = {}, {}  -- expdesc
			luaX:next(ls)  -- skip FUNCTION
			local needself = self:funcname(ls, v)
			self:body(ls, b, needself, line)
			luaK:storevar(ls.fs, v, b)
			luaK:fixline(ls.fs, line)  -- definition 'happens' in the first line
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- parse a function call with no returns or an assignment statement
		-- * used in statements()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaY:exprstat(ls)
			-- stat -> func | assignment
			local fs = ls.fs
			local v = {}  -- LHS_assign
			v.v = {}
			self:primaryexp(ls, v.v)
			if v.v.k == "VCALL" then  -- stat -> func
				luaP:SETARG_C(luaK:getcode(fs, v.v), 1)  -- call statement uses no results
			else  -- stat -> assignment
				v.prev = nil
				self:assignment(ls, v, 1)
			end
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- parse a return statement
		-- * used in statements()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaY:retstat(ls)
			-- stat -> RETURN explist
			local fs = ls.fs
			local e = {}  -- expdesc
			local first, nret  -- registers with returned values
			luaX:next(ls)  -- skip RETURN
			if self:block_follow(ls.t.token) or ls.t.token == ";" then
				first, nret = 0, 0  -- return no values
			else
				nret = self:explist1(ls, e)  -- optional return values
				if self:hasmultret(e.k) then
					luaK:setmultret(fs, e)
					if e.k == "VCALL" and nret == 1 then  -- tail call?
						luaP:SET_OPCODE(luaK:getcode(fs, e), "OP_TAILCALL")
						assert(luaP:GETARG_A(luaK:getcode(fs, e)) == fs.nactvar)
					end
					first = fs.nactvar
					nret = self.LUA_MULTRET  -- return all values
				else
					if nret == 1 then  -- only one single value?
						first = luaK:exp2anyreg(fs, e)
					else
						luaK:exp2nextreg(fs, e)  -- values must go to the 'stack'
						first = fs.nactvar  -- return all 'active' values
						assert(nret == fs.freereg - first)
					end
				end--if
			end--if
			luaK:ret(fs, first, nret)
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- initial parsing for statements, calls a lot of functions
		-- * returns boolean instead of 0|1
		-- * used in chunk()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaY:statement(ls)
			local line = ls.linenumber  -- may be needed for error messages
			local c = ls.t.token
			if c == "TK_IF" then  -- stat -> ifstat
				self:ifstat(ls, line)
				return false
			elseif c == "TK_WHILE" then  -- stat -> whilestat
				self:whilestat(ls, line)
				return false
			elseif c == "TK_DO" then  -- stat -> DO block END
				luaX:next(ls)  -- skip DO
				self:block(ls)
				self:check_match(ls, "TK_END", "TK_DO", line)
				return false
			elseif c == "TK_FOR" then  -- stat -> forstat
				self:forstat(ls, line)
				return false
			elseif c == "TK_REPEAT" then  -- stat -> repeatstat
				self:repeatstat(ls, line)
				return false
			elseif c == "TK_FUNCTION" then  -- stat -> funcstat
				self:funcstat(ls, line)
				return false
			elseif c == "TK_LOCAL" then  -- stat -> localstat
				luaX:next(ls)  -- skip LOCAL
				if self:testnext(ls, "TK_FUNCTION") then  -- local function?
					self:localfunc(ls)
				else
					self:localstat(ls)
				end
				return false
			elseif c == "TK_RETURN" then  -- stat -> retstat
				self:retstat(ls)
				return true  -- must be last statement
			elseif c == "TK_BREAK" then  -- stat -> breakstat
				luaX:next(ls)  -- skip BREAK
				self:breakstat(ls)
				return true  -- must be last statement
			else
				self:exprstat(ls)
				return false  -- to avoid warnings
			end--if c
		end

		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		-- parse a chunk, which consists of a bunch of statements
		-- * used in parser(), body(), block(), repeatstat()
		------------------------------------------------------------------------
		function luaY:chunk(ls)
			-- chunk -> { stat [';'] }
			local islast = false
			self:enterlevel(ls)
			while not islast and not self:block_follow(ls.t.token) do
				islast = self:statement(ls)
				self:testnext(ls, ";")
				assert(ls.fs.f.maxstacksize >= ls.fs.freereg and
					ls.fs.freereg >= ls.fs.nactvar)
				ls.fs.freereg = ls.fs.nactvar  -- free registers
			end
			self:leavelevel(ls)
		end

		-- }======================================================================
		return luaY
	end

	L = function(str)
		--[[
			Credit to einsteinK.
			Credit to Stravant for LBI.
			
			Credit to the creators of all the other modules used in this.
			
			Sceleratis was here and decided modify some things.
		--]]

		local waitDeps = {
			'LBI';
			'LuaK';
			'LuaP';
			'LuaU';
			'LuaX';
			'LuaY';
			'LuaZ';
		}

		for i,v in pairs(waitDeps) do script:WaitForChild(v) end

		local luaX = require(script.LuaX)
		local luaY = require(script.LuaY)
		local luaZ = require(script.LuaZ)
		local luaU = require(script.LuaU)
		local lbi = require(script.LBI)

		luaX:init()
		local LuaState = {}

		return function(str,env)
			local f,writer,buff
			local ran,error=pcall(function()
				local zio = luaZ:init(luaZ:make_getS(str), nil)
				if not zio then return error() end
				local func = luaY:parser(LuaState, zio, nil, "@input")
				writer, buff = luaU:make_setS()
				luaU:dump(LuaState, func, writer, buff)
				f = lbi.load_bytecode(buff.data)
				if env then		
					setfenv(f,env)
				else
					local env=getfenv()
					env.script=nil
					setfenv(f,env)
				end
			end)
			if ran then
				return f,buff.data
			else
				return nil,error
			end
		end	
	end
end