diff --git a/openhands-sdk/openhands/sdk/context/view/properties/tool_call_matching.py b/openhands-sdk/openhands/sdk/context/view/properties/tool_call_matching.py
index 5d1daf2da0..453f457ffc 100644
--- a/openhands-sdk/openhands/sdk/context/view/properties/tool_call_matching.py
+++ b/openhands-sdk/openhands/sdk/context/view/properties/tool_call_matching.py
@@ -77,13 +77,17 @@ def manipulation_indices(
         # tool calls -- these are any tool calls that have been introduced by an action
         # but not yet resolved by an observation. If there are any pending tool calls we
         # know we're between an action/observation pair.
+        action_tool_call_ids: set[ToolCallID] = set()
         pending_tool_call_ids: set[ToolCallID] = set()
 
         for index, event in enumerate(current_view_events):
             match event:
                 case ActionEvent():
+                    action_tool_call_ids.add(event.tool_call_id)
                     pending_tool_call_ids.add(event.tool_call_id)
                 case ObservationBaseEvent():
+                    if event.tool_call_id not in action_tool_call_ids:
+                        continue
                     # Intentionally use remove(), not discard(): a second
                     # observation-like event for the same tool_call_id means the
                     # view has already violated the 1 action -> 1 result
diff --git a/tests/sdk/context/view/properties/test_tool_call_matching.py b/tests/sdk/context/view/properties/test_tool_call_matching.py
index 831a55f2e4..6716ca663a 100644
--- a/tests/sdk/context/view/properties/test_tool_call_matching.py
+++ b/tests/sdk/context/view/properties/test_tool_call_matching.py
@@ -6,6 +6,8 @@
 
 from unittest.mock import create_autospec
 
+import pytest
+
 from openhands.sdk.context.view.manipulation_indices import ManipulationIndices
 from openhands.sdk.context.view.properties.tool_call_matching import (
     ToolCallMatchingProperty,
@@ -429,3 +431,34 @@ def test_empty_events(self) -> None:
 
         result = self.property.manipulation_indices(events)
         assert result == ManipulationIndices.complete(events)
+
+    def test_orphan_observation_is_ignored(self) -> None:
+        """Test that an observation without a matching action is tolerated."""
+        orphan = AgentErrorEvent(
+            error="The tool was interrupted during restart recovery.",
+            tool_name="test_tool",
+            tool_call_id="orphan_call",
+        )
+        events: list[LLMConvertibleEvent] = [orphan]
+
+        assert self.property.manipulation_indices(
+            events
+        ) == ManipulationIndices.complete(events)
+
+    def test_duplicate_observation_still_raises(self) -> None:
+        """Test that duplicate observations remain a strict pairing violation."""
+        action = create_autospec(ActionEvent, instance=True)
+        action.tool_call_id = "call_1"
+        action.id = "action_1"
+        action.llm_response_id = "response_1"
+
+        observation = create_autospec(ObservationEvent, instance=True)
+        observation.tool_call_id = "call_1"
+        observation.id = "obs_1"
+
+        duplicate = create_autospec(ObservationEvent, instance=True)
+        duplicate.tool_call_id = "call_1"
+        duplicate.id = "obs_2"
+
+        with pytest.raises(KeyError):
+            self.property.manipulation_indices([action, observation, duplicate])
diff --git a/tests/sdk/context/view/test_view_manipulation_indices.py b/tests/sdk/context/view/test_view_manipulation_indices.py
index d58b89d065..95067eddd5 100644
--- a/tests/sdk/context/view/test_view_manipulation_indices.py
+++ b/tests/sdk/context/view/test_view_manipulation_indices.py
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 """
 
 from openhands.sdk.context.view import View
+from openhands.sdk.event.llm_convertible import AgentErrorEvent
 from openhands.sdk.llm import (
     ThinkingBlock,
 )
@@ -22,6 +23,17 @@ def test_empty_list() -> None:
     assert view.manipulation_indices == {0}
 
 
+def test_orphan_observation_does_not_break_view_indices() -> None:
+    orphan = AgentErrorEvent(
+        error="The tool was interrupted during restart recovery.",
+        tool_name="test_tool",
+        tool_call_id="orphan_call",
+    )
+    view = View(events=[orphan])
+
+    assert view.manipulation_indices == {0, 1}
+
+
 def test_single_message_event() -> None:
     """Test manipulation_indices with a single message event."""
     events = [message_event("Event 0")]