script.js

"use strict";

// Sound files
const backgroundMusic = new Audio('sound/bgMusic.mp3');
const hitSound = new Audio('sound/slash.mp3');
const gameOverSound = new Audio('sound/gameover.wav');



backgroundMusic.loop = true;
// backgroundMusic.play();


// Timing multiplier for entire game engine.
let gameSpeed = 1;

// Colors
const BLUE =    { r: 0x67, g: 0xd7, b: 0xf0 };
const GREEN =   { r: 0xa6, g: 0xe0, b: 0x2c };
const PINK =    { r: 0xfa, g: 0x24, b: 0x73 };
const ORANGE =  { r: 0xfe, g: 0x95, b: 0x22 };
const PURPLE =  { r: 0x9b, g: 0x5d, b: 0xe5 };
const RED =     { r: 0xff, g: 0x45, b: 0x36 };
const YELLOW =  { r: 0xff, g: 0xd7, b: 0x00 };
const TEAL =    { r: 0x00, g: 0x80, b: 0x80 };
const WHITE =   { r: 0xff, g: 0xff, b: 0xff };
const CYAN =    { r: 0x00, g: 0xff, b: 0xff };
const MAGENTA = { r: 0xff, g: 0x00, b: 0xff };
const LIME =    { r: 0x32, g: 0xcd, b: 0x32 };
const NAVY =    { r: 0x00, g: 0x00, b: 0x80 };
const MAROON =  { r: 0x80, g: 0x00, b: 0x00 };
const OLIVE =   { r: 0x80, g: 0x80, b: 0x00 };
const SILVER =  { r: 0xc0, g: 0xc0, b: 0xc0 };
const GOLD =    { r: 0xff, g: 0xd7, b: 0x00 };
const INDIGO =  { r: 0x4b, g: 0x00, b: 0x82 };
const VIOLET =  { r: 0x8a, g: 0x2b, b: 0xe2 };
const BROWN =   { r: 0xa5, g: 0x2a, b: 0x2a };
const CORAL =   { r: 0xff, g: 0x7f, b: 0x50 };
const SALMON =  { r: 0xfa, g: 0x80, b: 0x72 };
const PLUM =    { r: 0xdd, g: 0xa0, b: 0xdd };
const KHAKI =   { r: 0xf0, g: 0xe6, b: 0x8c };

const allColors = [
	BLUE, GREEN, PINK, ORANGE, PURPLE, RED, YELLOW, TEAL, WHITE, 
	CYAN, MAGENTA, LIME, NAVY, MAROON, OLIVE, SILVER, GOLD, INDIGO, 
	VIOLET, BROWN, CORAL, SALMON, PLUM, KHAKI
  ];
  


// Gameplay
const getSpawnDelay = () => {
	const spawnDelayMax = 1400;
	const spawnDelayMin = 550;
	const spawnDelay = spawnDelayMax - state.game.cubeCount * 3.1;
	return Math.max(spawnDelay, spawnDelayMin);
}
const doubleStrongEnableScore = 2000;
// Number of cubes that must be smashed before activating a feature.
const slowmoThreshold = 10;
const strongThreshold = 25;
const spinnerThreshold = 25;

// Interaction state
let pointerIsDown = false;
// The last known position of the primary pointer in screen coordinates.`
let pointerScreen = { x: 0, y: 0 };
// Same as `pointerScreen`, but converted to scene coordinates in rAF.
let pointerScene = { x: 0, y: 0 };
// Minimum speed of pointer before "hits" are counted.
const minPointerSpeed = 60;
// The hit speed affects the direction the target post-hit. This number dampens that force.
const hitDampening = 0.1;
// Backboard receives shadows and is the farthest negative Z position of entities.
const backboardZ = -400;
const shadowColor = '#262e36';
// How much air drag is applied to standard objects
const airDrag = 0.022;
const gravity = 0.3;
// Spark config
const sparkColor = 'rgba(170,221,255,.9)';
const sparkThickness = 2.2;
const airDragSpark = 0.1;
// Track pointer positions to show trail
const touchTrailColor = 'rgba(170,221,255,.62)';
const touchTrailThickness = 7;
const touchPointLife = 120;
const touchPoints = [];
// Size of in-game targets. This affects rendered size and hit area.
const targetRadius = 40;
const targetHitRadius = 50;
const makeTargetGlueColor = target => {
	// const alpha = (target.health - 1) / (target.maxHealth - 1);
	// return `rgba(170,221,255,${alpha.toFixed(3)})`;
	return 'rgb(170,221,255)';
};
// Size of target fragments
const fragRadius = targetRadius / 3;



// Game canvas element needed in setup.js and interaction.js
const canvas = document.querySelector('#c');

// 3D camera config
// Affects perspective
const cameraDistance = 900;
// Does not affect perspective
const sceneScale = 1;
// Objects that get too close to the camera will be faded out to transparent over this range.
// const cameraFadeStartZ = 0.8*cameraDistance - 6*targetRadius;
const cameraFadeStartZ = 0.45*cameraDistance;
const cameraFadeEndZ = 0.65*cameraDistance;
const cameraFadeRange = cameraFadeEndZ - cameraFadeStartZ;

// Globals used to accumlate all vertices/polygons in each frame
const allVertices = [];
const allPolys = [];
const allShadowVertices = [];
const allShadowPolys = [];




// state.js
// ============================================================================
// ============================================================================

///////////
// Enums //
///////////

// Game Modes
const GAME_MODE_RANKED = Symbol('GAME_MODE_RANKED');
const GAME_MODE_CASUAL = Symbol('GAME_MODE_CASUAL');

// Available Menus
const MENU_MAIN = Symbol('MENU_MAIN');
const MENU_PAUSE = Symbol('MENU_PAUSE');
const MENU_SCORE = Symbol('MENU_SCORE');



//////////////////
// Global State //
//////////////////

const state = {
	game: {
		mode: GAME_MODE_RANKED,
		// Run time of current game.
		time: 0,
		// Player score.
		score: 0,
		// Total number of cubes smashed in game.
		cubeCount: 0
	},
	menus: {
		// Set to `null` to hide all menus
		active: MENU_MAIN
	}
};


////////////////////////////
// Global State Selectors //
////////////////////////////

const isInGame = () => !state.menus.active;
const isMenuVisible = () => !!state.menus.active;
const isCasualGame = () => state.game.mode === GAME_MODE_CASUAL;
const isPaused = () => state.menus.active === MENU_PAUSE;


///////////////////
// Local Storage //
///////////////////

const highScoreKey = 'highScore';
const getHighScore = () => {
	const raw = localStorage.getItem(highScoreKey);
	return raw ? parseInt(raw, 10) : 0;
};

let _lastHighscore = getHighScore();
const setHighScore = score => {
	_lastHighscore = getHighScore();
	localStorage.setItem(highScoreKey, String(score));
};

const isNewHighScore = () => state.game.score > _lastHighscore;




// utils.js
// ============================================================================
// ============================================================================


const invariant = (condition, message) => {
	if (!condition) throw new Error(message);
};


/////////
// DOM //
/////////

const $ = selector => document.querySelector(selector);
const handleClick = (element, handler) => element.addEventListener('click', handler);
const handlePointerDown = (element, handler) => {
	element.addEventListener('touchstart', handler);
	element.addEventListener('mousedown', handler);
};



////////////////////////
// Formatting Helpers //
////////////////////////

// Converts a number into a formatted string with thousand separators.
const formatNumber = num => num.toLocaleString();



////////////////////
// Math Constants //
////////////////////

const PI = Math.PI;
const TAU = Math.PI * 2;
const ETA = Math.PI * 0.5;



//////////////////
// Math Helpers //
//////////////////

// Clamps a number between min and max values (inclusive)
const clamp = (num, min, max) => Math.min(Math.max(num, min), max);

// Linearly interpolate between numbers a and b by a specific amount.
// mix >= 0 && mix <= 1
const lerp = (a, b, mix) => (b - a) * mix + a;




////////////////////
// Random Helpers //
////////////////////

// Generates a random number between min (inclusive) and max (exclusive)
const random = (min, max) => Math.random() * (max - min) + min;

// Generates a random integer between and possibly including min and max values
const randomInt = (min, max) => ((Math.random() * (max - min + 1)) | 0) + min;

// Returns a random element from an array
const pickOne = arr => arr[Math.random() * arr.length | 0];




///////////////////
// Color Helpers //
///////////////////

// Converts an { r, g, b } color object to a 6-digit hex code.
const colorToHex = color => {
	return '#' +
		(color.r | 0).toString(16).padStart(2, '0') +
		(color.g | 0).toString(16).padStart(2, '0') +
		(color.b | 0).toString(16).padStart(2, '0');
};

// Operates on an { r, g, b } color object.
// Returns string hex code.
// `lightness` must range from 0 to 1. 0 is pure black, 1 is pure white.
const shadeColor = (color, lightness) => {
	let other, mix;
	if (lightness < 0.5) {
		other = 0;
		mix = 1 - (lightness * 2);
	} else {
		other = 255;
		mix = lightness * 2 - 1;
	}
	return '#' +
		(lerp(color.r, other, mix) | 0).toString(16).padStart(2, '0') +
		(lerp(color.g, other, mix) | 0).toString(16).padStart(2, '0') +
		(lerp(color.b, other, mix) | 0).toString(16).padStart(2, '0');
};





////////////////////
// Timing Helpers //
////////////////////

const _allCooldowns = [];

const makeCooldown = (rechargeTime, units=1) => {
	let timeRemaining = 0;
	let lastTime = 0;

	const initialOptions = { rechargeTime, units };

	const updateTime = () => {
		const now = state.game.time;
		// Reset time remaining if time goes backwards.
		if (now < lastTime) {
			timeRemaining = 0;
		} else {
			// update...
			timeRemaining -= now-lastTime;
			if (timeRemaining < 0) timeRemaining = 0;
		}
		lastTime = now;
	};

	const canUse = () => {
		updateTime();
		return timeRemaining <= (rechargeTime * (units-1));
	};

	const cooldown = {
		canUse,
		useIfAble() {
			const usable = canUse();
			if (usable) timeRemaining += rechargeTime;
			return usable;
		},
		mutate(options) {
			if (options.rechargeTime) {
				// Apply recharge time delta so change takes effect immediately.
				timeRemaining -= rechargeTime-options.rechargeTime;
				if (timeRemaining < 0) timeRemaining = 0;
				rechargeTime = options.rechargeTime;
			}
			if (options.units) units = options.units;
		},
		reset() {
			timeRemaining = 0;
			lastTime = 0;
			this.mutate(initialOptions);
		}
	};

	_allCooldowns.push(cooldown);

	return cooldown;
};

const resetAllCooldowns = () => _allCooldowns.forEach(cooldown => cooldown.reset());

const makeSpawner = ({ chance, cooldownPerSpawn, maxSpawns }) => {
	const cooldown = makeCooldown(cooldownPerSpawn, maxSpawns);
	return {
		shouldSpawn() {
			return Math.random() <= chance && cooldown.useIfAble();
		},
		mutate(options) {
			if (options.chance) chance = options.chance;
			cooldown.mutate({
				rechargeTime: options.cooldownPerSpawn,
				units: options.maxSpawns
			});
		}
	};
};




////////////////////
// Vector Helpers //
////////////////////

const normalize = v => {
	const mag = Math.hypot(v.x, v.y, v.z);
	return {
		x: v.x / mag,
		y: v.y / mag,
		z: v.z / mag
	};
}

// Curried math helpers
const add = a => b => a + b;
// Curried vector helpers
const scaleVector = scale => vector => {
	vector.x *= scale;
	vector.y *= scale;
	vector.z *= scale;
};






////////////////
// 3D Helpers //
////////////////

// Clone array and all vertices.
function cloneVertices(vertices) {
	return vertices.map(v => ({ x: v.x, y: v.y, z: v.z }));
}

// Copy vertex data from one array into another.
// Arrays must be the same length.
function copyVerticesTo(arr1, arr2) {
	const len = arr1.length;
	for (let i=0; i<len; i++) {
		const v1 = arr1[i];
		const v2 = arr2[i];
		v2.x = v1.x;
		v2.y = v1.y;
		v2.z = v1.z;
	}
}

// Compute triangle midpoint.
// Mutates `middle` property of given `poly`.
function computeTriMiddle(poly) {
	const v = poly.vertices;
	poly.middle.x = (v[0].x + v[1].x + v[2].x) / 3;
	poly.middle.y = (v[0].y + v[1].y + v[2].y) / 3;
	poly.middle.z = (v[0].z + v[1].z + v[2].z) / 3;
}

// Compute quad midpoint.
// Mutates `middle` property of given `poly`.
function computeQuadMiddle(poly) {
	const v = poly.vertices;
	poly.middle.x = (v[0].x + v[1].x + v[2].x + v[3].x) / 4;
	poly.middle.y = (v[0].y + v[1].y + v[2].y + v[3].y) / 4;
	poly.middle.z = (v[0].z + v[1].z + v[2].z + v[3].z) / 4;
}

function computePolyMiddle(poly) {
	if (poly.vertices.length === 3) {
		computeTriMiddle(poly);
	} else {
		computeQuadMiddle(poly);
	}
}

// Compute distance from any polygon (tri or quad) midpoint to camera.
// Sets `depth` property of given `poly`.
// Also triggers midpoint calculation, which mutates `middle` property of `poly`.
function computePolyDepth(poly) {
	computePolyMiddle(poly);
	const dX = poly.middle.x;
	const dY = poly.middle.y;
	const dZ = poly.middle.z - cameraDistance;
	poly.depth = Math.hypot(dX, dY, dZ);
}

// Compute normal of any polygon. Uses normalized vector cross product.
// Mutates `normalName` property of given `poly`.
function computePolyNormal(poly, normalName) {
	// Store quick refs to vertices
	const v1 = poly.vertices[0];
	const v2 = poly.vertices[1];
	const v3 = poly.vertices[2];
	// Calculate difference of vertices, following winding order.
	const ax = v1.x - v2.x;
	const ay = v1.y - v2.y;
	const az = v1.z - v2.z;
	const bx = v1.x - v3.x;
	const by = v1.y - v3.y;
	const bz = v1.z - v3.z;
	// Cross product
	const nx = ay*bz - az*by;
	const ny = az*bx - ax*bz;
	const nz = ax*by - ay*bx;
	// Compute magnitude of normal and normalize
	const mag = Math.hypot(nx, ny, nz);
	const polyNormal = poly[normalName];
	polyNormal.x = nx / mag;
	polyNormal.y = ny / mag;
	polyNormal.z = nz / mag;
}

// Apply translation/rotation/scale to all given vertices.
// If `vertices` and `target` are the same array, the vertices will be mutated in place.
// If `vertices` and `target` are different arrays, `vertices` will not be touched, instead the
// transformed values from `vertices` will be written to `target` array.
function transformVertices(vertices, target, tX, tY, tZ, rX, rY, rZ, sX, sY, sZ) {
	// Matrix multiplcation constants only need calculated once for all vertices.
	const sinX = Math.sin(rX);
	const cosX = Math.cos(rX);
	const sinY = Math.sin(rY);
	const cosY = Math.cos(rY);
	const sinZ = Math.sin(rZ);
	const cosZ = Math.cos(rZ);

	// Using forEach() like map(), but with a (recycled) target array.
	vertices.forEach((v, i) => {
		const targetVertex = target[i];
		// X axis rotation
		const x1 = v.x;
		const y1 = v.z*sinX + v.y*cosX;
		const z1 = v.z*cosX - v.y*sinX;
		// Y axis rotation
		const x2 = x1*cosY - z1*sinY;
		const y2 = y1;
		const z2 = x1*sinY + z1*cosY;
		// Z axis rotation
		const x3 = x2*cosZ - y2*sinZ;
		const y3 = x2*sinZ + y2*cosZ;
		const z3 = z2;

		// Scale, Translate, and set the transform.
		targetVertex.x = x3 * sX + tX;
		targetVertex.y = y3 * sY + tY;
		targetVertex.z = z3 * sZ + tZ;
	});
}

// 3D projection on a single vertex.
// Directly mutates the vertex.
const projectVertex = v => {
	const focalLength = cameraDistance * sceneScale;
	const depth = focalLength / (cameraDistance - v.z);
	v.x = v.x * depth;
	v.y = v.y * depth;
};



// 3D projection on a single vertex.
// Mutates a secondary target vertex.
const projectVertexTo = (v, target) => {
	const focalLength = cameraDistance * sceneScale;
	const depth = focalLength / (cameraDistance - v.z);
	target.x = v.x * depth;
	target.y = v.y * depth;
};





// PERF.js
// ============================================================================
// ============================================================================

// Dummy no-op functions.
// I use these in a special build for custom performance profiling.
const PERF_START = () => {};
const PERF_END = () => {};
const PERF_UPDATE = () => {};




// 3dModels.js
// ============================================================================
// ============================================================================

// Define models once. The origin is the center of the model.

// A simple cube, 8 vertices, 6 quads.
// Defaults to an edge length of 2 units, can be influenced with `scale`.
function makeCubeModel({ scale=1 }) {
	return {
		vertices: [
			// top
			{ x: -scale, y: -scale, z: scale },
			{ x:  scale, y: -scale, z: scale },
			{ x:  scale, y:  scale, z: scale },
			{ x: -scale, y:  scale, z: scale },
			// bottom
			{ x: -scale, y: -scale, z: -scale },
			{ x:  scale, y: -scale, z: -scale },
			{ x:  scale, y:  scale, z: -scale },
			{ x: -scale, y:  scale, z: -scale }
		],
		polys: [
			// z = 1
			{ vIndexes: [0, 1, 2, 3] },
			// z = -1
			{ vIndexes: [7, 6, 5, 4] },
			// y = 1
			{ vIndexes: [3, 2, 6, 7] },
			// y = -1
			{ vIndexes: [4, 5, 1, 0] },
			// x = 1
			{ vIndexes: [5, 6, 2, 1] },
			// x = -1
			{ vIndexes: [0, 3, 7, 4] }
		]
	};
}

// Create a 3D triangle model (triangular prism)
function makeTriangleModel({ scale=1 }) {
	return {
		vertices: [
			// Top triangle
			{ x: -scale, y: -scale, z: scale },   // 0
			{ x: scale, y: -scale, z: scale },    // 1
			{ x: 0, y: scale, z: scale },         // 2
			// Bottom triangle
			{ x: -scale, y: -scale, z: -scale },  // 3
			{ x: scale, y: -scale, z: -scale },   // 4
			{ x: 0, y: scale, z: -scale }         // 5
		],
		polys: [
			// Front triangle (facing camera)
			{ vIndexes: [0, 1, 2] },
			// Back triangle (facing away)
			{ vIndexes: [3, 5, 4] },  // Note: reversed order for correct face culling
			// Left side rectangle
			{ vIndexes: [0, 2, 5, 3] },
			// Right side rectangle
			{ vIndexes: [1, 4, 5, 2] },
			// Bottom rectangle
			{ vIndexes: [0, 3, 4, 1] }
		]
	};
}

// Create a UV sphere model with the specified number of segments
function makeSphereModel({ scale=1, latitudeLines=16, longitudeLines=32 }) {
    const vertices = [];
    const polys = [];
    
    // Generate vertices
    // Add top vertex
    vertices.push({ x: 0, y: scale, z: 0 });
    
    // Generate vertices for each latitude line (excluding poles)
    for (let lat = 1; lat < latitudeLines; lat++) {
        const phi = (lat / latitudeLines) * Math.PI;
        const y = scale * Math.cos(phi);
        const radius = scale * Math.sin(phi);
        
        for (let lon = 0; lon < longitudeLines; lon++) {
            const theta = (lon / longitudeLines) * TAU;
            const x = radius * Math.sin(theta);
            const z = radius * Math.cos(theta);
            vertices.push({ x, y, z });
        }
    }
    
    // Add bottom vertex
    vertices.push({ x: 0, y: -scale, z: 0 });
    
    // Generate polygons
    // Top cap
    for (let lon = 0; lon < longitudeLines; lon++) {
        const nextLon = (lon + 1) % longitudeLines;
        polys.push({
            vIndexes: [
                0,
                lon + 1,
                nextLon + 1
            ]
        });
    }
    
    // Middle segments
    for (let lat = 0; lat < latitudeLines - 2; lat++) {
        const rowStart = 1 + lat * longitudeLines;
        const nextRowStart = rowStart + longitudeLines;
        
        for (let lon = 0; lon < longitudeLines; lon++) {
            const nextLon = (lon + 1) % longitudeLines;
            
            polys.push({
                vIndexes: [
                    rowStart + lon,
                    nextRowStart + lon,
                    nextRowStart + nextLon,
                    rowStart + nextLon
                ]
            });
        }
    }
    
    // Bottom cap
    const lastVertex = vertices.length - 1;
    const lastRowStart = lastVertex - longitudeLines;
    for (let lon = 0; lon < longitudeLines; lon++) {
        const nextLon = (lon + 1) % longitudeLines;
        polys.push({
            vIndexes: [
                lastVertex,
                lastRowStart + nextLon,
                lastRowStart + lon
            ]
        });
    }
    
    return { vertices, polys };
}

// ***************************************************************************
// Not very optimized - lots of duplicate vertices are generated.
function makeRecursiveCubeModel({ recursionLevel, splitFn, color, scale=1 }) {
	const getScaleAtLevel = level => 1 / (3 ** level);

	// We can model level 0 manually. It's just a single, centered, cube.
	let cubeOrigins = [{ x: 0, y: 0, z: 0 }];

	// Recursively replace cubes with smaller cubes.
	for (let i=1; i<=recursionLevel; i++) {
		const scale = getScaleAtLevel(i) * 2;
		const cubeOrigins2 = [];
		cubeOrigins.forEach(origin => {
			cubeOrigins2.push(...splitFn(origin, scale));
		});
		cubeOrigins = cubeOrigins2;
	}

	const finalModel = { vertices: [], polys: [] };

	// Generate single cube model and scale it.
	const cubeModel = makeCubeModel({ scale: 1 });
	cubeModel.vertices.forEach(scaleVector(getScaleAtLevel(recursionLevel)));



	// Compute the max distance x, y, or z origin values will be.
	// Same result as `Math.max(...cubeOrigins.map(o => o.x))`, but much faster.
	const maxComponent = getScaleAtLevel(recursionLevel) * (3 ** recursionLevel - 1);

	// Place cube geometry at each origin.
	cubeOrigins.forEach((origin, cubeIndex) => {
		// To compute occlusion (shading), find origin component with greatest
		// magnitude and normalize it relative to `maxComponent`.
		const occlusion = Math.max(
			Math.abs(origin.x),
			Math.abs(origin.y),
			Math.abs(origin.z)
		) / maxComponent;
		// At lower iterations, occlusion looks better lightened up a bit.
		const occlusionLighter = recursionLevel > 2
			? occlusion
			: (occlusion + 0.8) / 1.8;
		// Clone, translate vertices to origin, and apply scale
		finalModel.vertices.push(
			...cubeModel.vertices.map(v => ({
				x: (v.x + origin.x) * scale,
				y: (v.y + origin.y) * scale,
				z: (v.z + origin.z) * scale
			}))
		);


		// Clone polys, shift referenced vertex indexes, and compute color.
		finalModel.polys.push(
			...cubeModel.polys.map(poly => ({
				vIndexes: poly.vIndexes.map(add(cubeIndex * 8))
			}))
		);
	});

	return finalModel;
}


// o: Vector3D - Position of cube's origin (center).
// s: Vector3D - Determines size of menger sponge.
function mengerSpongeSplit(o, s) {
	return [
		// Top
		{ x: o.x + s, y: o.y - s, z: o.z + s },
		{ x: o.x + s, y: o.y - s, z: o.z + 0 },
		{ x: o.x + s, y: o.y - s, z: o.z - s },
		{ x: o.x + 0, y: o.y - s, z: o.z + s },
		{ x: o.x + 0, y: o.y - s, z: o.z - s },
		{ x: o.x - s, y: o.y - s, z: o.z + s },
		{ x: o.x - s, y: o.y - s, z: o.z + 0 },
		{ x: o.x - s, y: o.y - s, z: o.z - s },
		// Bottom
		{ x: o.x + s, y: o.y + s, z: o.z + s },
		{ x: o.x + s, y: o.y + s, z: o.z + 0 },
		{ x: o.x + s, y: o.y + s, z: o.z - s },
		{ x: o.x + 0, y: o.y + s, z: o.z + s },
		{ x: o.x + 0, y: o.y + s, z: o.z - s },
		{ x: o.x - s, y: o.y + s, z: o.z + s },
		{ x: o.x - s, y: o.y + s, z: o.z + 0 },
		{ x: o.x - s, y: o.y + s, z: o.z - s },
		// Middle
		{ x: o.x + s, y: o.y + 0, z: o.z + s },
		{ x: o.x + s, y: o.y + 0, z: o.z - s },
		{ x: o.x - s, y: o.y + 0, z: o.z + s },
		{ x: o.x - s, y: o.y + 0, z: o.z - s }
	];
}



// Helper to optimize models by merging duplicate vertices within a threshold,
// and removing all polys that share the same vertices.
// Directly mutates the model.
function optimizeModel(model, threshold=0.0001) {
	const { vertices, polys } = model;

	const compareVertices = (v1, v2) => (
		Math.abs(v1.x - v2.x) < threshold &&
		Math.abs(v1.y - v2.y) < threshold &&
		Math.abs(v1.z - v2.z) < threshold
	);

	const comparePolys = (p1, p2) => {
		const v1 = p1.vIndexes;
		const v2 = p2.vIndexes;
		return (
			(
				v1[0] === v2[0] ||
				v1[0] === v2[1] ||
				v1[0] === v2[2] ||
				v1[0] === v2[3]
			) && (
				v1[1] === v2[0] ||
				v1[1] === v2[1] ||
				v1[1] === v2[2] ||
				v1[1] === v2[3]
			) && (
				v1[2] === v2[0] ||
				v1[2] === v2[1] ||
				v1[2] === v2[2] ||
				v1[2] === v2[3]
			) && (
				v1[3] === v2[0] ||
				v1[3] === v2[1] ||
				v1[3] === v2[2] ||
				v1[3] === v2[3]
			)
		);
	};


	vertices.forEach((v, i) => {
		v.originalIndexes = [i];
	});

	for (let i=vertices.length-1; i>=0; i--) {
		for (let ii=i-1; ii>=0; ii--) {
			const v1 = vertices[i];
			const v2 = vertices[ii];
			if (compareVertices(v1, v2)) {
				vertices.splice(i, 1);
				v2.originalIndexes.push(...v1.originalIndexes);
				break;
			}
		}
	}

	vertices.forEach((v, i) => {
		polys.forEach(p => {
			p.vIndexes.forEach((vi, ii, arr) => {
				const vo = v.originalIndexes;
				if (vo.includes(vi)) {
					arr[ii] = i;
				}
			});
		});
	});

	polys.forEach(p => {
		const vi = p.vIndexes;
		p.sum = vi[0] + vi[1] + vi[2] + vi[3];
	});
	polys.sort((a, b) => b.sum - a.sum);

	// Assumptions:
	// 1. Each poly will either have no duplicates or 1 duplicate.
	// 2. If two polys are equal, they are both hidden (two cubes touching),
	//    therefore both can be removed.
	for (let i=polys.length-1; i>=0; i--) {
		for (let ii=i-1; ii>=0; ii--) {
			const p1 = polys[i];
			const p2 = polys[ii];
			if (p1.sum !== p2.sum) break;
			if (comparePolys(p1, p2)) {
				polys.splice(i, 1);
				polys.splice(ii, 1);
				i--;
				break;
			}
		}
	}

	return model;
}





// Entity.js
// ============================================================================
// ============================================================================

class Entity {
	constructor({ model, color, wireframe=false }) {
		const vertices = cloneVertices(model.vertices);
		const shadowVertices = cloneVertices(model.vertices);
		const colorHex = colorToHex(color);
		const darkColorHex = shadeColor(color, 0.4);

		const polys = model.polys.map(p => ({
			vertices: p.vIndexes.map(vIndex => vertices[vIndex]),
			color: color, // custom rgb color object
			wireframe: wireframe,
			strokeWidth: wireframe ? 2 : 0, // Set to non-zero value to draw stroke
			strokeColor: colorHex, // must be a CSS color string
			strokeColorDark: darkColorHex, // must be a CSS color string
			depth: 0,
			middle: { x: 0, y: 0, z: 0 },
			normalWorld: { x: 0, y: 0, z: 0 },
			normalCamera: { x: 0, y: 0, z: 0 }
		}));

		const shadowPolys = model.polys.map(p => ({
			vertices: p.vIndexes.map(vIndex => shadowVertices[vIndex]),
			wireframe: wireframe,
			normalWorld: { x: 0, y: 0, z: 0 }
		}));

		this.projected = {}; // Will store 2D projected data
		this.model = model;
		this.vertices = vertices;
		this.polys = polys;
		this.shadowVertices = shadowVertices;
		this.shadowPolys = shadowPolys;
		this.reset();
	}

	// Better names: resetEntity, resetTransform, resetEntityTransform
	reset() {
		this.x = 0;
		this.y = 0;
		this.z = 0;
		this.xD = 0;
		this.yD = 0;
		this.zD = 0;

		this.rotateX = 0;
		this.rotateY = 0;
		this.rotateZ = 0;
		this.rotateXD = 0;
		this.rotateYD = 0;
		this.rotateZD = 0;

		this.scaleX = 1;
		this.scaleY = 1;
		this.scaleZ = 1;

		this.projected.x = 0;
		this.projected.y = 0;
	}

	transform() {
		transformVertices(
			this.model.vertices,
			this.vertices,
			this.x,
			this.y,
			this.z,
			this.rotateX,
			this.rotateY,
			this.rotateZ,
			this.scaleX,
			this.scaleY,
			this.scaleZ
		);

		copyVerticesTo(this.vertices, this.shadowVertices);
	}

	// Projects origin point, stored as `projected` property.
	project() {
		projectVertexTo(this, this.projected);
	}
}





// getTarget.js
// ============================================================================
// ============================================================================

// All active targets
const targets = [];

// Pool target instances by color, using a Map.
// keys are color objects, and values are arrays of targets.
// Also pool wireframe instances separately.
const targetPool = new Map(allColors.map(c=>([c, []])));
const targetWireframePool = new Map(allColors.map(c=>([c, []])));



const getTarget = (() => {

	const slowmoSpawner = makeSpawner({
		chance: 0.5,
		cooldownPerSpawn: 15000,
		maxSpawns: 1
	});

	let doubleStrong = false;
	const strongSpawner = makeSpawner({
		chance: 0.3,
		cooldownPerSpawn: 10000,
		maxSpawns: 2
	});

	const spinnerSpawner = makeSpawner({
		chance: 0.1,
		cooldownPerSpawn: 10000,
		maxSpawns: 4
	});

	// Cached array instances, no need to allocate every time.
	const axisOptions = [
		['x', 'y'],
		['y', 'z'],
		['z', 'x']
	];

	function getTargetOfStyle(color, wireframe) {
		const pool = wireframe ? targetWireframePool : targetPool;
		let target = pool.get(color).pop();
		if (!target) {
			// Randomly choose between cube, triangle, and sphere
			const shapeType = Math.random();
			let model;
			if (shapeType < 0.33) {
				model = optimizeModel(makeRecursiveCubeModel({
					recursionLevel: 1,
					splitFn: mengerSpongeSplit,
					scale: targetRadius
				}));
			} else if (shapeType < 0.66) {
				model = optimizeModel(makeTriangleModel({
					scale: targetRadius
				}));
			} else {
				model = optimizeModel(makeSphereModel({
					scale: targetRadius,
					latitudeLines: 16,
					longitudeLines: 32
				}));
			}

			target = new Entity({
				model: model,
				color: color,
				wireframe: wireframe
			});

			// Init any properties that will be used.
			// These will not be automatically reset when recycled.
			target.color = color;
			target.wireframe = wireframe;
			// Some properties don't have their final value yet.
			// Initialize with any value of the right type.
			target.hit = false;
			target.maxHealth = 0;
			target.health = 0;
		}
		return target;
	}

	return function getTarget() {
		if (doubleStrong && state.game.score <= doubleStrongEnableScore) {
			doubleStrong = false;
			// Spawner is reset automatically when game resets.
		} else if (!doubleStrong && state.game.score > doubleStrongEnableScore) {
			doubleStrong = true;
			strongSpawner.mutate({ maxSpawns: 2 });
		}

		// Target Parameters
		// --------------------------------
		let color = pickOne(allColors);
		let wireframe = false;
		let health = 1;
		let maxHealth = 3;
		const spinner = state.game.cubeCount >= spinnerThreshold && isInGame() && spinnerSpawner.shouldSpawn();

		// Target Parameter Overrides
		// --------------------------------

		const randomIndex = Math.floor(Math.random() * allColors.length);
		const randomColor = allColors[randomIndex];
		

		if (state.game.cubeCount >= slowmoThreshold && slowmoSpawner.shouldSpawn()) {
			color =  randomColor;
			wireframe = true;
			health = 2;
			if (navigator.vibrate) {
                navigator.vibrate([100,30,500]);
            }
		}
		else if (state.game.cubeCount >= strongThreshold && strongSpawner.shouldSpawn()) {
			color = randomColor;
			health = 3;
			if (navigator.vibrate) {
                navigator.vibrate(5000);
            }
		}

		// Target Creation
		// --------------------------------
		const target = getTargetOfStyle(color, wireframe);
		target.hit = false;
		target.maxHealth = maxHealth;
		target.health = health;
		updateTargetHealth(target, 0);

		const spinSpeeds = [
			Math.random() * 0.1 - 0.05,
			Math.random() * 0.1 - 0.05
		];

		if (spinner) {
			// Ends up spinning a random axis
			spinSpeeds[0] = -0.25;
			spinSpeeds[1] = 0;
			target.rotateZ = random(0, TAU);
		}

		const axes = pickOne(axisOptions);

		spinSpeeds.forEach((spinSpeed, i) => {
			switch (axes[i]) {
				case 'x':
					target.rotateXD = spinSpeed;
					break;
				case 'y':
					target.rotateYD = spinSpeed;
					break;
				case 'z':
					target.rotateZD = spinSpeed;
					break;
			}
		});

		return target;
	}
})();


const updateTargetHealth = (target, healthDelta) => {
	target.health += healthDelta;
	// Only update stroke on non-wireframe targets.
	// Showing "glue" is a temporary attempt to display health. For now, there's
	// no reason to have wireframe targets with high health, so we're fine.
	if (!target.wireframe) {
		const strokeWidth = target.health - 1;
		const strokeColor = makeTargetGlueColor(target);
		for (let p of target.polys) {
			p.strokeWidth = strokeWidth;
			p.strokeColor = strokeColor;
		}
	}
};


const returnTarget = target => {
	target.reset();
	const pool = target.wireframe ? targetWireframePool : targetPool;
	pool.get(target.color).push(target);
};


function resetAllTargets() {
	while(targets.length) {
		returnTarget(targets.pop());
	}
}





// createBurst.js
// ============================================================================
// ============================================================================

// Track all active fragments
const frags = [];
// Pool inactive fragments by color, using a Map.
// keys are color objects, and values are arrays of fragments.
// // Also pool wireframe instances separately.
const fragPool = new Map(allColors.map(c=>([c, []])));
const fragWireframePool = new Map(allColors.map(c=>([c, []])));


const createBurst = (() => {
	// Precompute some private data to be reused for all bursts.
	const basePositions = mengerSpongeSplit({ x:0, y:0, z:0 }, fragRadius*2);
	const positions = cloneVertices(basePositions);
	const prevPositions = cloneVertices(basePositions);
	const velocities = cloneVertices(basePositions);

	const basePositionNormals = basePositions.map(normalize);
	const positionNormals = cloneVertices(basePositionNormals);


	const fragCount = basePositions.length;

	function getFragForTarget(target) {
		const pool = target.wireframe ? fragWireframePool : fragPool;
		let frag = pool.get(target.color).pop();
		if (!frag) {
			frag = new Entity({
				model: makeCubeModel({ scale: fragRadius }),
				color: target.color,
				wireframe: target.wireframe
			});
			frag.color = target.color;
			frag.wireframe = target.wireframe;
		}
		return frag;
	}

	return (target, force=1) => {
		// Calculate fragment positions, and what would have been the previous positions
		// when still a part of the larger target.
		transformVertices(
			basePositions, positions,
			target.x, target.y, target.z,
			target.rotateX, target.rotateY, target.rotateZ,
			1, 1, 1
		);
		transformVertices(
			basePositions, prevPositions,
			target.x - target.xD, target.y - target.yD, target.z - target.zD,
			target.rotateX - target.rotateXD, target.rotateY - target.rotateYD, target.rotateZ - target.rotateZD,
			1, 1, 1
		);

		// Compute velocity of each fragment, based on previous positions.
		// Will write to `velocities` array.
		for (let i=0; i<fragCount; i++) {
			const position = positions[i];
			const prevPosition = prevPositions[i];
			const velocity = velocities[i];

			velocity.x = position.x - prevPosition.x;
			velocity.y = position.y - prevPosition.y;
			velocity.z = position.z - prevPosition.z;
		}



		// Apply target rotation to normals
		transformVertices(
			basePositionNormals, positionNormals,
			0, 0, 0,
			target.rotateX, target.rotateY, target.rotateZ,
			1, 1, 1
		);


		for (let i=0; i<fragCount; i++) {
			const position = positions[i];
			const velocity = velocities[i];
			const normal = positionNormals[i];

			const frag = getFragForTarget(target);

			frag.x = position.x;
			frag.y = position.y;
			frag.z = position.z;
			frag.rotateX = target.rotateX;
			frag.rotateY = target.rotateY;
			frag.rotateZ = target.rotateZ;


			const burstSpeed = 2 * force;
			const randSpeed = 2 * force;
			const rotateScale = 0.015;
			frag.xD = velocity.x + (normal.x * burstSpeed) + (Math.random() * randSpeed);
			frag.yD = velocity.y + (normal.y * burstSpeed) + (Math.random() * randSpeed);
			frag.zD = velocity.z + (normal.z * burstSpeed) + (Math.random() * randSpeed);
			frag.rotateXD = frag.xD * rotateScale;
			frag.rotateYD = frag.yD * rotateScale;
			frag.rotateZD = frag.zD * rotateScale;

			frags.push(frag);
		};
	}
})();


const returnFrag = frag => {
	frag.reset();
	const pool = frag.wireframe ? fragWireframePool : fragPool;
	pool.get(frag.color).push(frag);
};





// sparks.js
// ============================================================================
// ============================================================================

const sparks = [];
const sparkPool = [];


function addSpark(x, y, xD, yD) {
	const spark = sparkPool.pop() || {};

	spark.x = x + xD * 0.5;
	spark.y = y + yD * 0.5;
	spark.xD = xD;
	spark.yD = yD;
	spark.life = random(200, 300);
	spark.maxLife = spark.life;

	sparks.push(spark);

	return spark;
}


// Spherical spark burst
function sparkBurst(x, y, count, maxSpeed) {
	const angleInc = TAU / count;
	for (let i=0; i<count; i++) {
		const angle = i * angleInc + angleInc * Math.random();
		const speed = (1 - Math.random() ** 3) * maxSpeed;
		addSpark(
			x,
			y,
			Math.sin(angle) * speed,
			Math.cos(angle) * speed
		);
	}
}


// Make a target "leak" sparks from all vertices.
// This is used to create the effect of target glue "shedding".
let glueShedVertices;
function glueShedSparks(target) {
	if (!glueShedVertices) {
		glueShedVertices = cloneVertices(target.vertices);
	} else {
		copyVerticesTo(target.vertices, glueShedVertices);
	}

	glueShedVertices.forEach(v => {
		if (Math.random() < 0.4) {
			projectVertex(v);
			addSpark(
				v.x,
				v.y,
				random(-12, 12),
				random(-12, 12)
			);
		}
	});
}

function returnSpark(spark) {
	sparkPool.push(spark);
}





// hud.js
// ============================================================================
// ============================================================================

const hudContainerNode = $('.hud');

function setHudVisibility(visible) {
	if (visible) {
		hudContainerNode.style.display = 'block';
	} else {
		hudContainerNode.style.display = 'none';
	}
}


///////////
// Score //
///////////
const scoreNode = $('.score-lbl');
const cubeCountNode = $('.cube-count-lbl');

function renderScoreHud() {
	if (isCasualGame()) {
		scoreNode.style.display = 'none';
		cubeCountNode.style.opacity = 1;
	} else {
		scoreNode.innerText = `SCORE: ${state.game.score}`;
		scoreNode.style.display = 'block';
		cubeCountNode.style.opacity = 0.65 ;
	}
	cubeCountNode.innerText = `CUBES SMASHED: ${state.game.cubeCount}`;
}

renderScoreHud();



//////////////////
// Pause Button //
//////////////////

handlePointerDown($('.pause-btn'), () => {
	if (navigator.vibrate) { 
        navigator.vibrate([100]);
    }
	pauseGame();
});


////////////////////
// Slow-Mo Status //
////////////////////

const slowmoNode = $('.slowmo');
const slowmoBarNode = $('.slowmo__bar');

function renderSlowmoStatus(percentRemaining) {
	slowmoNode.style.opacity = percentRemaining === 0 ? 0 : 1;
	slowmoBarNode.style.transform = `scaleX(${percentRemaining.toFixed(3)})`;
}





// menus.js
// ============================================================================
// ============================================================================

// Top-level menu containers
const menuContainerNode = $('.menus');
const menuMainNode = $('.menu--main');
const menuPauseNode = $('.menu--pause');
const menuScoreNode = $('.menu--score');

const finalScoreLblNode = $('.final-score-lbl');
const highScoreLblNode = $('.high-score-lbl');



function showMenu(node) {
	node.classList.add('active');
}

function hideMenu(node) {
	node.classList.remove('active');
}

function renderMenus() {
	hideMenu(menuMainNode);
	hideMenu(menuPauseNode);
	hideMenu(menuScoreNode);

	switch (state.menus.active) {
		case MENU_MAIN:
			backgroundMusic.loop = true;
			backgroundMusic.play();
			showMenu(menuMainNode);
			break;
		case MENU_PAUSE:
			showMenu(menuPauseNode);
			break;
		case MENU_SCORE:
			gameOverSound.play();
			finalScoreLblNode.textContent = formatNumber(state.game.score);
			if (isNewHighScore()) {
				highScoreLblNode.textContent = 'New High Score!';
			} else {
				highScoreLblNode.textContent = `High Score: ${formatNumber(getHighScore())}`;
			}
			showMenu(menuScoreNode);
			break;
	}

	setHudVisibility(!isMenuVisible());
	menuContainerNode.classList.toggle('has-active', isMenuVisible());
	menuContainerNode.classList.toggle('interactive-mode', isMenuVisible() && pointerIsDown);
}

renderMenus();



////////////////////
// Button Actions //
////////////////////

// Main Menu
handleClick($('.play-normal-btn'), () => {
	if (navigator.vibrate) {
        navigator.vibrate([30]);  
    }
	backgroundMusic.pause(); // Stop background music
    backgroundMusic.currentTime = 0; // Reset to the beginning
	setGameMode(GAME_MODE_RANKED);
	setActiveMenu(null);
	resetGame();
});

handleClick($('.play-casual-btn'), () => {
	if (navigator.vibrate) {
        navigator.vibrate([30]);  
    }
	backgroundMusic.pause(); // Stop background music
    backgroundMusic.currentTime = 0; // Reset to the beginning
	setGameMode(GAME_MODE_CASUAL);
	setActiveMenu(null);
	resetGame();
});

// Pause Menu
handleClick($('.resume-btn'), () => {
	if (navigator.vibrate) {
        navigator.vibrate([30]);  
    }
	resumeGame()});
handleClick($('.menu-btn--pause'), () => {
	if (navigator.vibrate) {
        navigator.vibrate([30]);  
    }
	setActiveMenu(MENU_MAIN)});

// Score Menu
handleClick($('.play-again-btn'), () => {
	if (navigator.vibrate) {
        navigator.vibrate([50]);  
    }
	setActiveMenu(null);
	resetGame();
});

handleClick($('.menu-btn--score'), () => setActiveMenu(MENU_MAIN));





// actions.js
// ============================================================================
// ============================================================================

//////////////////
// MENU ACTIONS //
//////////////////

function setActiveMenu(menu) {
	state.menus.active = menu;
	renderMenus();
}


/////////////////
// HUD ACTIONS //
/////////////////

function setScore(score) {
	state.game.score = score;
	renderScoreHud();
}

function incrementScore(inc) {
	if (isInGame()) {
		state.game.score += inc;
		if (state.game.score < 0) {
			state.game.score = 0;
		}
		renderScoreHud();
	}
}

function setCubeCount(count) {
	state.game.cubeCount = count;
	renderScoreHud();
}

function incrementCubeCount(inc) {
	if (isInGame()) {
		state.game.cubeCount += inc;
		renderScoreHud();
	}
}


//////////////////
// GAME ACTIONS //
//////////////////

function setGameMode(mode) {
	state.game.mode = mode;
}

function resetGame() {
	resetAllTargets();
	state.game.time = 0;
	resetAllCooldowns();
	setScore(0);
	setCubeCount(0);
	spawnTime = getSpawnDelay();
}

function pauseGame() {
	if (navigator.vibrate) {
		navigator.vibrate(50);
	}
	isInGame() && setActiveMenu(MENU_PAUSE);
}

function resumeGame() {
	isPaused() && setActiveMenu(null);
}

function endGame() {
	handleCanvasPointerUp();
	if (isNewHighScore()) {
		setHighScore(state.game.score);
	}
	setActiveMenu(MENU_SCORE);
}



////////////////////////
// KEYBOARD SHORTCUTS //
////////////////////////

window.addEventListener('keydown', event => {
	if (event.key === 'p') {
		isPaused() ? resumeGame() : pauseGame();
	}
});






// tick.js
// ============================================================================
// ============================================================================


let spawnTime = 0;
const maxSpawnX = 450;
const pointerDelta = { x: 0, y: 0 };
const pointerDeltaScaled = { x: 0, y: 0 };

// Temp slowmo state. Should be relocated once this stabilizes.
const slowmoDuration = 1200;
let slowmoRemaining = 0;
let spawnExtra = 0;
const spawnExtraDelay = 200;
let targetSpeed = 1;


function tick(width, height, simTime, simSpeed, lag) {
	PERF_START('frame');
	PERF_START('tick');

	state.game.time += simTime;

	if (slowmoRemaining > 0) {
		slowmoRemaining -= simTime;
		if (slowmoRemaining < 0) {
			slowmoRemaining = 0;
		}
		targetSpeed = pointerIsDown ? 0.075 : 0.3;
	} else {
		const menuPointerDown = isMenuVisible() && pointerIsDown;
		targetSpeed = menuPointerDown ? 0.025 : 1;
	}

	renderSlowmoStatus(slowmoRemaining / slowmoDuration);

	gameSpeed += (targetSpeed - gameSpeed) / 22 * lag;
	gameSpeed = clamp(gameSpeed, 0, 1);

	const centerX = width / 2;
	const centerY = height / 2;

	const simAirDrag = 1 - (airDrag * simSpeed);
	const simAirDragSpark = 1 - (airDragSpark * simSpeed);

	// Pointer Tracking
	// -------------------

	// Compute speed and x/y deltas.
	// There is also a "scaled" variant taking game speed into account. This serves two purposes:
	//  - Lag won't create large spikes in speed/deltas
	//  - In slow mo, speed is increased proportionately to match "reality". Without this boost,
	//    it feels like your actions are dampened in slow mo.
	const forceMultiplier = 1 / (simSpeed * 0.75 + 0.25);
	pointerDelta.x = 0;
	pointerDelta.y = 0;
	pointerDeltaScaled.x = 0;
	pointerDeltaScaled.y = 0;
	const lastPointer = touchPoints[touchPoints.length - 1];

	if (pointerIsDown && lastPointer && !lastPointer.touchBreak) {
		pointerDelta.x = (pointerScene.x - lastPointer.x);
		pointerDelta.y = (pointerScene.y - lastPointer.y);
		pointerDeltaScaled.x = pointerDelta.x * forceMultiplier;
		pointerDeltaScaled.y = pointerDelta.y * forceMultiplier;
	}
	const pointerSpeed = Math.hypot(pointerDelta.x, pointerDelta.y);
	const pointerSpeedScaled = pointerSpeed * forceMultiplier;

	// Track points for later calculations, including drawing trail.
	touchPoints.forEach(p => p.life -= simTime);

	if (pointerIsDown) {
		touchPoints.push({
			x: pointerScene.x,
			y: pointerScene.y,
			life: touchPointLife
		});
	}

	while (touchPoints[0] && touchPoints[0].life <= 0) {
		touchPoints.shift();
	}


	// Entity Manipulation
	// --------------------
	PERF_START('entities');

	// Spawn targets
	spawnTime -= simTime;
	if (spawnTime <= 0) {
		if (spawnExtra > 0) {
			spawnExtra--;
			spawnTime = spawnExtraDelay;
		} else {
			spawnTime = getSpawnDelay();
		}
		const target = getTarget();
		const spawnRadius = Math.min(centerX * 0.8, maxSpawnX);
		target.x = (Math.random() * spawnRadius * 2 - spawnRadius);
		target.y = centerY + targetHitRadius * 2;
		target.z = (Math.random() * targetRadius*2 - targetRadius);
		target.xD = Math.random() * (target.x * -2 / 120);
		target.yD = -20;
		targets.push(target);
	}

	// Animate targets and remove when offscreen
	const leftBound = -centerX + targetRadius;
	const rightBound = centerX - targetRadius;
	const ceiling = -centerY - 120;
	const boundDamping = 0.4;

	targetLoop:
	for (let i = targets.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
		const target = targets[i];
		target.x += target.xD * simSpeed;
		target.y += target.yD * simSpeed;

		if (target.y < ceiling) {
			target.y = ceiling;
			target.yD = 0;
		}

		if (target.x < leftBound) {
			target.x = leftBound;
			target.xD *= -boundDamping;
		} else if (target.x > rightBound) {
			target.x = rightBound;
			target.xD *= -boundDamping;
		}

		if (target.z < backboardZ) {
			target.z = backboardZ;
			target.zD *= -boundDamping;
		}

		target.yD += gravity * simSpeed;
		target.rotateX += target.rotateXD * simSpeed;
		target.rotateY += target.rotateYD * simSpeed;
		target.rotateZ += target.rotateZD * simSpeed;
		target.transform();
		target.project();

		// Remove if offscreen
		if (target.y > centerY + targetHitRadius * 2) {
			targets.splice(i, 1);
			returnTarget(target);
			if (isInGame()) {
				if (isCasualGame()) {
					incrementScore(-25);
				} else {
					endGame();
				}
			}
			continue;
		}


		// If pointer is moving really fast, we want to hittest multiple points along the path.
		// We can't use scaled pointer speed to determine this, since we care about actual screen
		// distance covered.
		const hitTestCount = Math.ceil(pointerSpeed / targetRadius * 2);
		// Start loop at `1` and use `<=` check, so we skip 0% and end up at 100%.
		// This omits the previous point position, and includes the most recent.
		for (let ii=1; ii<=hitTestCount; ii++) {
			const percent = 1 - (ii / hitTestCount);
			const hitX = pointerScene.x - pointerDelta.x * percent;
			const hitY = pointerScene.y - pointerDelta.y * percent;
			const distance = Math.hypot(
				hitX - target.projected.x,
				hitY - target.projected.y
			);

			if (distance <= targetHitRadius) {
				// Hit! (though we don't want to allow hits on multiple sequential frames)
				if (!target.hit) {
					target.hit = true;

					if (navigator.vibrate) {  
						hitSound.play();// Check if the device supports vibration
						navigator.vibrate([50]);  // Short 50ms vibration for slicing
					}

					target.xD += pointerDeltaScaled.x * hitDampening;
					target.yD += pointerDeltaScaled.y * hitDampening;
					target.rotateXD += pointerDeltaScaled.y * 0.001;
					target.rotateYD += pointerDeltaScaled.x * 0.001;

					const sparkSpeed = 7 + pointerSpeedScaled * 0.125;

					if (pointerSpeedScaled > minPointerSpeed) {
						target.health--;
						incrementScore(10);

						if (target.health <= 0) {
							hitSound.play();
							incrementCubeCount(1);
							createBurst(target, forceMultiplier);
							sparkBurst(hitX, hitY, 8, sparkSpeed);


							if (target.wireframe) {
								hitSound.play();
								slowmoRemaining = slowmoDuration;
								spawnTime = 0;
								spawnExtra = 2;
							}
							targets.splice(i, 1);
							returnTarget(target);
						} else {
							hitSound.play();
							sparkBurst(hitX, hitY, 8, sparkSpeed);
							glueShedSparks(target);
							updateTargetHealth(target, 0);
						}
					} else {
						hitSound.play();
						incrementScore(5);
						sparkBurst(hitX, hitY, 3, sparkSpeed);
					}
				}
				// Break the current loop and continue the outer loop.
				// This skips to processing the next target.
				continue targetLoop;
			}
		}

		// This code will only run if target hasn't been "hit".
		target.hit = false;
	}

	// Animate fragments and remove when offscreen.
	const fragBackboardZ = backboardZ + fragRadius;
	// Allow fragments to move off-screen to sides for a while, since shadows are still visible.
	const fragLeftBound = -width;
	const fragRightBound = width;

	for (let i = frags.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
		const frag = frags[i];
		frag.x += frag.xD * simSpeed;
		frag.y += frag.yD * simSpeed;
		frag.z += frag.zD * simSpeed;

		frag.xD *= simAirDrag;
		frag.yD *= simAirDrag;
		frag.zD *= simAirDrag;

		if (frag.y < ceiling) {
			frag.y = ceiling;
			frag.yD = 0;
		}

		if (frag.z < fragBackboardZ) {
			frag.z = fragBackboardZ;
			frag.zD *= -boundDamping;
		}

		frag.yD += gravity * simSpeed;
		frag.rotateX += frag.rotateXD * simSpeed;
		frag.rotateY += frag.rotateYD * simSpeed;
		frag.rotateZ += frag.rotateZD * simSpeed;
		frag.transform();
		frag.project();

		// Removal conditions
		if (
			// Bottom of screen
			frag.projected.y > centerY + targetHitRadius ||
			// Sides of screen
			frag.projected.x < fragLeftBound ||
			frag.projected.x > fragRightBound ||
			// Too close to camera
			frag.z > cameraFadeEndZ
		) {
			frags.splice(i, 1);
			returnFrag(frag);
			continue;
		}
	}

	// 2D sparks
	for (let i = sparks.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
		const spark = sparks[i];
		spark.life -= simTime;
		if (spark.life <= 0) {
			sparks.splice(i, 1);
			returnSpark(spark);
			continue;
		}
		spark.x += spark.xD * simSpeed;
		spark.y += spark.yD * simSpeed;
		spark.xD *= simAirDragSpark;
		spark.yD *= simAirDragSpark;
		spark.yD += gravity * simSpeed;
	}

	PERF_END('entities');

	// 3D transforms
	// -------------------

	PERF_START('3D');

	// Aggregate all scene vertices/polys
	allVertices.length = 0;
	allPolys.length = 0;
	allShadowVertices.length = 0;
	allShadowPolys.length = 0;
	targets.forEach(entity => {
		allVertices.push(...entity.vertices);
		allPolys.push(...entity.polys);
		allShadowVertices.push(...entity.shadowVertices);
		allShadowPolys.push(...entity.shadowPolys);
	});

	frags.forEach(entity => {
		allVertices.push(...entity.vertices);
		allPolys.push(...entity.polys);
		allShadowVertices.push(...entity.shadowVertices);
		allShadowPolys.push(...entity.shadowPolys);
	});

	// Scene calculations/transformations
	allPolys.forEach(p => computePolyNormal(p, 'normalWorld'));
	allPolys.forEach(computePolyDepth);
	allPolys.sort((a, b) => b.depth - a.depth);

	// Perspective projection
	allVertices.forEach(projectVertex);

	allPolys.forEach(p => computePolyNormal(p, 'normalCamera'));

	PERF_END('3D');

	PERF_START('shadows');

	// Rotate shadow vertices to light source perspective
	transformVertices(
		allShadowVertices,
		allShadowVertices,
		0, 0, 0,
		TAU/8, 0, 0,
		1, 1, 1
	);

	allShadowPolys.forEach(p => computePolyNormal(p, 'normalWorld'));

	const shadowDistanceMult = Math.hypot(1, 1);
	const shadowVerticesLength = allShadowVertices.length;
	for (let i=0; i<shadowVerticesLength; i++) {
		const distance = allVertices[i].z - backboardZ;
		allShadowVertices[i].z -= shadowDistanceMult * distance;
	}
	transformVertices(
		allShadowVertices,
		allShadowVertices,
		0, 0, 0,
		-TAU/8, 0, 0,
		1, 1, 1
	);
	allShadowVertices.forEach(projectVertex);

	PERF_END('shadows');

	PERF_END('tick');
}





// draw.js
// ============================================================================
// ============================================================================

function draw(ctx, width, height, viewScale) {
	PERF_START('draw');

	const halfW = width / 2;
	const halfH = height / 2;


	// 3D Polys
	// ---------------
	ctx.lineJoin = 'bevel';

	PERF_START('drawShadows');
	ctx.fillStyle = shadowColor;
	ctx.strokeStyle = shadowColor;
	allShadowPolys.forEach(p => {
		if (p.wireframe) {
			ctx.lineWidth = 2;
			ctx.beginPath();
			const { vertices } = p;
			const vCount = vertices.length;
			const firstV = vertices[0];
			ctx.moveTo(firstV.x, firstV.y);
			for (let i=1; i<vCount; i++) {
				const v = vertices[i];
				ctx.lineTo(v.x, v.y);
			}
			ctx.closePath();
			ctx.stroke();
		} else {
			ctx.beginPath();
			const { vertices } = p;
			const vCount = vertices.length;
			const firstV = vertices[0];
			ctx.moveTo(firstV.x, firstV.y);
			for (let i=1; i<vCount; i++) {
				const v = vertices[i];
				ctx.lineTo(v.x, v.y);
			}
			ctx.closePath();
			ctx.fill();
		}
	});
	PERF_END('drawShadows');

	PERF_START('drawPolys');

	allPolys.forEach(p => {
		if (!p.wireframe && p.normalCamera.z < 0) return;

		if (p.strokeWidth !== 0) {
			ctx.lineWidth = p.normalCamera.z < 0 ? p.strokeWidth * 0.5 : p.strokeWidth;
			ctx.strokeStyle = p.normalCamera.z < 0 ? p.strokeColorDark : p.strokeColor;
		}

		const { vertices } = p;
		const lastV = vertices[vertices.length - 1];
		const fadeOut = p.middle.z > cameraFadeStartZ;

		if (!p.wireframe) {
			const normalLight = p.normalWorld.y * 0.5 + p.normalWorld.z * -0.5;
			const lightness = normalLight > 0
				? 0.1
				: ((normalLight ** 32 - normalLight) / 2) * 0.9 + 0.1;
			ctx.fillStyle = shadeColor(p.color, lightness);
		}

		// Fade out polys close to camera. `globalAlpha` must be reset later.
		if (fadeOut) {
			// If polygon gets really close to camera (outside `cameraFadeRange`) the alpha
			// can go negative, which has the appearance of alpha = 1. So, we'll clamp it at 0.
			ctx.globalAlpha = Math.max(0, 1 - (p.middle.z - cameraFadeStartZ) / cameraFadeRange);
		}

		ctx.beginPath();
		ctx.moveTo(lastV.x, lastV.y);
		for (let v of vertices) {
			ctx.lineTo(v.x, v.y);
		}

		if (!p.wireframe) {
			ctx.fill();
		}
		if (p.strokeWidth !== 0) {
			ctx.stroke();
		}

		if (fadeOut) {
			ctx.globalAlpha = 1;
		}
	});
	PERF_END('drawPolys');


	PERF_START('draw2D');

	// 2D Sparks
	// ---------------
	ctx.strokeStyle = sparkColor;
	ctx.lineWidth = sparkThickness;
	ctx.beginPath();
	sparks.forEach(spark => {
		ctx.moveTo(spark.x, spark.y);
		// Shrink sparks to zero length as they die.
		// Speed up shrinking as life approaches 0 (root curve).
		// Note that sparks already get smaller over time as their speed slows
		// down from damping. So this is like a double scale down. To counter this
		// a bit and keep the sparks larger for longer, we'll also increase the scale
		// a bit after applying the root curve.
		const scale = (spark.life / spark.maxLife) ** 0.5 * 1.5;
		ctx.lineTo(spark.x - spark.xD*scale, spark.y - spark.yD*scale);

	});
	ctx.stroke();


	// Touch Strokes
	// ---------------

	ctx.strokeStyle = touchTrailColor;
	const touchPointCount = touchPoints.length;
	for (let i=1; i<touchPointCount; i++) {
		const current = touchPoints[i];
		const prev = touchPoints[i-1];
		if (current.touchBreak || prev.touchBreak) {
			continue;
		}
		const scale = current.life / touchPointLife;
		ctx.lineWidth = scale * touchTrailThickness;
		ctx.beginPath();
		ctx.moveTo(prev.x, prev.y);
		ctx.lineTo(current.x, current.y);
		ctx.stroke();
	}

	PERF_END('draw2D');

	PERF_END('draw');
	PERF_END('frame');

	// Display performance updates.
	PERF_UPDATE();
}





// canvas.js
// ============================================================================
// ============================================================================

function setupCanvases() {
	const ctx = canvas.getContext('2d');
	// devicePixelRatio alias
	const dpr = window.devicePixelRatio || 1;
	// View will be scaled so objects appear sized similarly on all screen sizes.
	let viewScale;
	// Dimensions (taking viewScale into account!)
	let width, height;

	function handleResize() {
		const w = window.innerWidth;
		const h = window.innerHeight;
		viewScale = h / 1000;
		width = w / viewScale;
		height = h / viewScale;
		canvas.width = w * dpr;
		canvas.height = h * dpr;
		canvas.style.width = w + 'px';
		canvas.style.height = h + 'px';
	}

	// Set initial size
	handleResize();
	// resize fullscreen canvas
	window.addEventListener('resize', handleResize);


	// Run game loop
	let lastTimestamp = 0;
	function frameHandler(timestamp) {
		let frameTime = timestamp - lastTimestamp;
		lastTimestamp = timestamp;

		// always queue another frame
		raf();

		// If game is paused, we'll still track frameTime (above) but all other
		// game logic and drawing can be avoided.
		if (isPaused()) return;

		// make sure negative time isn't reported (first frame can be whacky)
		if (frameTime < 0) {
			frameTime = 17;
		}
		// - cap minimum framerate to 15fps[~68ms] (assuming 60fps[~17ms] as 'normal')
		else if (frameTime > 68) {
			frameTime = 68;
		}

		const halfW = width / 2;
		const halfH = height / 2;

		// Convert pointer position from screen to scene coords.
		pointerScene.x = pointerScreen.x / viewScale - halfW;
		pointerScene.y = pointerScreen.y / viewScale - halfH;

		const lag = frameTime / 16.6667;
		const simTime = gameSpeed * frameTime;
		const simSpeed = gameSpeed * lag;
		tick(width, height, simTime, simSpeed, lag);

		// Auto clear canvas
		ctx.clearRect(0, 0, canvas.width, canvas.height);
		// Auto scale drawing for high res displays, and incorporate `viewScale`.
		// Also shift canvas so (0, 0) is the middle of the screen.
		// This just works with 3D perspective projection.
		const drawScale = dpr * viewScale;
		ctx.scale(drawScale, drawScale);
		ctx.translate(halfW, halfH);
		draw(ctx, width, height, viewScale);
		ctx.setTransform(1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0);
	}
	const raf = () => requestAnimationFrame(frameHandler);
	// Start loop
	raf();
}





// interaction.js
// ============================================================================
// ============================================================================

// Interaction
// -----------------------------

function handleCanvasPointerDown(x, y) {
	if (!pointerIsDown) {
		pointerIsDown = true;
		pointerScreen.x = x;
		pointerScreen.y = y;
		// On when menus are open, point down/up toggles an interactive mode.
		// We just need to rerender the menu system for it to respond.
		if (isMenuVisible()) renderMenus();
	}
}

function handleCanvasPointerUp() {
	if (pointerIsDown) {
		pointerIsDown = false;
		touchPoints.push({
			touchBreak: true,
			life: touchPointLife
		});
		// On when menus are open, point down/up toggles an interactive mode.
		// We just need to rerender the menu system for it to respond.
		if (isMenuVisible()) renderMenus();
	}
}

function handleCanvasPointerMove(x, y) {
	if (pointerIsDown) {
		pointerScreen.x = x;
		pointerScreen.y = y;
	}
}


// Use pointer events if available, otherwise fallback to touch events (for iOS).
if ('PointerEvent' in window) {
	canvas.addEventListener('pointerdown', event => {
		event.isPrimary && handleCanvasPointerDown(event.clientX, event.clientY);
	});

	canvas.addEventListener('pointerup', event => {
		event.isPrimary && handleCanvasPointerUp();
	});

	canvas.addEventListener('pointermove', event => {
		event.isPrimary && handleCanvasPointerMove(event.clientX, event.clientY);
	});

	// We also need to know if the mouse leaves the page. For this game, it's best if that
	// cancels a swipe, so essentially acts as a "mouseup" event.
	document.body.addEventListener('mouseleave', handleCanvasPointerUp);
} else {
	let activeTouchId = null;
	canvas.addEventListener('touchstart', event => {
		if (!pointerIsDown) {
			const touch = event.changedTouches[0];
			activeTouchId = touch.identifier;
			handleCanvasPointerDown(touch.clientX, touch.clientY);
		}
	});
	canvas.addEventListener('touchend', event => {
		for (let touch of event.changedTouches) {
			if (touch.identifier === activeTouchId) {
				handleCanvasPointerUp();
				break;
			}
		}
	});
	canvas.addEventListener('touchmove', event => {
		for (let touch of event.changedTouches) {
			if (touch.identifier === activeTouchId) {
				handleCanvasPointerMove(touch.clientX, touch.clientY);
				event.preventDefault();
				break;
			}
		}
	}, { passive: false });
}


setupCanvases();