Linux-Command-Examples.txt

File System Navigation and Manipulation:

cd: Change directory.
Example: cd /path/to/directory

pwd: Print working directory.
Example: pwd

ls: List directory contents.
Example: ls

mkdir: Make directories.
Example: mkdir new_directory

rmdir: Remove directories.
Example: rmdir directory_to_remove

mv: Move or rename files/directories.
Example: mv file1.txt directory/

cp: Copy files/directories.
Example: cp file1.txt file2.txt

rm: Remove files/directories.
Example: rm file.txt

touch: Create an empty file or update timestamp.
Example: touch new_file.txt

find: Search for files/directories.
Example: find /path/to/search -name "*.txt"

ln: Create links between files.
Example: ln -s /path/to/file link_name

Text Processing and Viewing:

cat: Concatenate and display file contents.
Example: cat file.txt

less: Display file contents one page at a time.
Example: less large_file.txt

tail: Output the last part of files.
Example: tail -n 10 file.txt

wc: Count words, lines, and characters in a file.
Example: wc -l file.txt

grep: Search for patterns in files.
Example: grep "pattern" file.txt

sort: Sort lines of text files.
Example: sort file.txt

uniq: Report or omit repeated lines.
Example: uniq file.txt

diff: Compare files line by line.
Example: diff file1.txt file2.txt

echo: Display a line of text.
Example: echo "Hello, World!"

File Compression and Archiving:

gzip: Compress files.
Example: gzip file.txt

gunzip: Decompress files.
Example: gunzip file.txt.gz

tar: Tape archive - create and extract archive files.
Example: tar -cvf archive.tar directory/

File Permissions and Ownership:

chown: Change file owner and group.
Example: chown user:group file.txt

chmod: Change file mode (permissions).
Example: chmod 755 file.sh

umask: Set default permissions for new files.
Example: umask 022

Disk Usage and Monitoring:

du: Estimate file space usage.
Example: du -sh /path/to/directory

df: Report file system disk space usage.
Example: df -h

Process Management:

ps: Report a snapshot of the current processes.
Example: ps aux

top: Display and update sorted information about processes.
Example: top

kill: Terminate processes by process ID.
Example: kill 1234

killall: Kill processes by name.
Example: killall process_name

jobs: List active jobs.
Example: jobs

bg: Put jobs in the background.
Example: bg %1

fg: Bring jobs to the foreground.
Example: fg %1

System Information:

uname: Print system information.
Example: uname -a

env: Display environment variables.
Example: env

printenv: Print all or part of environment.
Example: printenv PATH

File and Directory Information:

basename: Strip directory and suffix from filenames.
Example: basename /path/to/file.txt

dirname: Strip last component from file name.
Example: dirname /path/to/file.txt

Text Editors:

vim: Vi IMproved - text editor.
Example: vim file.txt

emacs: Emacs text editor.
Example: emacs file.txt

nano: Nano text editor.
Example: nano file.txt

User and Authentication:

whoami: Print effective username.
Example: whoami

who: Show who is logged on.
Example: who

su: Substitute user identity.
Example: su username

sudo: Execute a command as another user.
Example: sudo command

passwd: Change user password.
Example: passwd

Networking:

ping: Send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network hosts.
Example: ping google.com

traceroute: Print the route packets trace to network host.
Example: traceroute google.com

Miscellaneous Utilities:

clear: Clear the terminal screen.
Example: clear

history: Display or manipulate command history.
Example: history

export: Set environment variables.
Example: export PATH=$PATH:/new/path

crontab: Schedule periodic background tasks.
Example: crontab -e

type: Display information about command type.
Example: type ls

which: Locate a command.
Example: which ls

nohup: Run a command immune to hangups.
Example: nohup command &
Example: nohup command &