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Quick links

NullGraph detailed docs: https://ge0frey-nullgraph.mintlify.app/introduction

Deployed Live Link: https://nullgraph.vercel.app/

YouTube Demo: https://youtu.be/D4JJj3ZvUeo

NullGraph

Tokenizing the 95% of science that journals throw away.

NullGraph is a Solana-native protocol that turns unpublished negative scientific results into permanent on-chain Null Knowledge Assets (NKAs) and provides a bounty marketplace where BioDAOs and researchers pay for the null results they need -- denominated in BIO tokens.

Why NullGraph

95% of null results in scientific research are never published. This causes:

  • Publication bias -- journals favor positive results, distorting the scientific record.
  • Wasted replication -- researchers unknowingly repeat experiments already proven to fail.
  • Lost investment -- billions in research funding produces results that sit in filing cabinets.
  • Zero incentive -- researchers have no career, financial, or reputational reason to publish non-discoveries.

NullGraph solves all four by making null results permanent, discoverable, and economically valuable.

How It Works

1. Null Knowledge Assets (NKAs)

A researcher submits a structured null result (hypothesis, methodology, expected vs. actual outcome, p-value, sample size, optional data hash) through a guided four-step form. On submission, the program creates an on-chain PDA storing all metadata. The researcher receives a specimen identifier (e.g., NKA-0042) and the result becomes browsable on the Dashboard.

The optional data hash stores a SHA-256 fingerprint of any attached data file. The file stays off-chain; the hash provides a tamper-proof link between the on-chain record and the underlying dataset.

2. Bounty Marketplace

A BioDAO or researcher posts a bounty describing a specific null result they need, a BIO token reward, and a deadline. On creation, the BIO reward is escrowed into a PDA-controlled vault -- it leaves the creator's wallet immediately. A researcher with a matching NKA can submit it to the bounty. The creator reviews the submission and approves it (triggering automatic BIO payout minus a protocol fee) or closes the bounty to reclaim their escrowed funds.

3. Protocol Fee Layer

A configurable fee (default 2.5%) is deducted from every bounty settlement and routed to a treasury wallet.

Architecture

                +----------------------------+
                |   Researcher's Browser     |
                |   (React 19 + Vite 7.3)   |
                +-----+--------------+-------+
                      |              |
           Write (tx) |              | Read (RPC)
                      v              v
       +--------------+--------------+-----------+
       |        Solana Devnet Cluster             |
       |                                          |
       |  +------------------------------------+  |
       |  |  NullGraph Anchor Program          |  |
       |  |  (2u3DXQq...CgZK)                 |  |
       |  |                                    |  |
       |  |  Accounts:                         |  |
       |  |   - ProtocolState (singleton)      |  |
       |  |   - NullResult PDAs                |  |
       |  |   - NullBounty PDAs                |  |
       |  |   - BountySubmission PDAs          |  |
       |  |   - Vault Token Accounts           |  |
       |  +------------------------------------+  |
       |                                          |
       |  +------------------------------------+  |
       |  |  SPL Token Interface               |  |
       |  |  (BIO transfers via CPI)           |  |
       |  +------------------------------------+  |
       +------------------------------------------+
  • Writes go through the Solana Wallet Adapter. The user signs transactions in Phantom, which are submitted to the Anchor program.
  • Reads use getProgramAccounts RPC calls through the Anchor client. There is no backend server, database, or indexer.
  • BIO transfers use CPI transfer_checked to the SPL Token Interface, which validates the mint and decimal precision.

On-Chain Program

The Anchor program lives in a single file (programs/nullgraph/src/lib.rs, ~593 lines). It uses Anchor 0.31.1 with anchor-spl for SPL Token Interface CPI and associated token accounts.

Accounts

ProtocolState (Singleton)

Global configuration. Stores auto-incrementing counters, fee rate, and treasury address.

Field Type Description
authority Pubkey Protocol admin wallet
nka_counter u64 Auto-incrementing NKA counter
bounty_counter u64 Auto-incrementing bounty counter
fee_basis_points u16 Fee on settlement (250 = 2.5%)
treasury Pubkey Treasury wallet for collected fees
bump u8 PDA bump seed

Seeds: ["protocol_state"]

NullResult (One per NKA)

Field Type Description
researcher Pubkey Submitting wallet
specimen_number u64 Sequential ID (NKA-0001, NKA-0002, ...)
hypothesis [u8; 128] Hypothesis tested (UTF-8, zero-padded)
methodology [u8; 128] Methodology summary
expected_outcome [u8; 128] What was expected
actual_outcome [u8; 128] What actually happened
p_value u32 Fixed-point (8700 = 0.8700)
sample_size u32 Sample size n
data_hash [u8; 32] SHA-256 of attached data file
status u8 0 = Pending, 1 = Verified, 2 = Disputed
created_at i64 Unix timestamp
bump u8 PDA bump seed

Seeds: ["null_result", researcher_pubkey, specimen_number_le_bytes]

NullBounty (One per bounty)

Field Type Description
creator Pubkey Bounty poster wallet
bounty_number u64 Sequential ID (NB-0001, NB-0002, ...)
description [u8; 256] Description of null result needed
reward_amount u64 BIO reward in base units (6 decimals)
BIO_mint Pubkey Token mint address (BIO)
vault Pubkey Vault token account PDA
deadline i64 Deadline as Unix timestamp
status u8 0 = Open, 1 = Matched, 2 = Fulfilled, 3 = Closed
matched_submission Pubkey BountySubmission PDA (zeroed if unmatched)
created_at i64 Unix timestamp
vault_bump u8 Vault PDA bump
bump u8 PDA bump seed

Seeds: ["null_bounty", creator_pubkey, bounty_number_le_bytes] Vault seeds: ["bounty_vault", bounty_pda_key]

BountySubmission (Links an NKA to a bounty)

Field Type Description
researcher Pubkey Claimant wallet
null_result Pubkey NullResult PDA key
bounty Pubkey NullBounty PDA key
status u8 0 = Pending, 1 = Approved, 2 = Rejected
created_at i64 Unix timestamp
bump u8 PDA bump seed

Seeds: ["bounty_submission", bounty_pda_key, null_result_pda_key]

Instructions

Instruction Description
initialize_protocol(fee_basis_points) One-time setup. Creates the ProtocolState singleton with counters at zero and the given fee rate.
submit_null_result(hypothesis, methodology, expected_outcome, actual_outcome, p_value, sample_size, data_hash) Mints a new NKA. Increments nka_counter, creates the NullResult PDA, and records all fields. Any wallet can call this.
create_bounty(description, reward_amount, deadline) Creates a NullBounty PDA + vault, transfers BIO from the creator's token account to the vault. Validates reward_amount > 0.
submit_to_bounty() Links a researcher's NKA to an open bounty. Creates a BountySubmission PDA and transitions the bounty to Matched. Only the NKA's owner can call this.
approve_bounty_submission() Bounty creator approves the submission. Transfers reward - fee BIO to the researcher and fee BIO to the treasury via vault CPI. Sets bounty to Fulfilled.
close_bounty() Bounty creator reclaims escrowed BIO from any Open or Matched bounty. Vault balance returns to creator, bounty set to Closed.

Events

Event Fields
ProtocolInitialized authority, fee_basis_points
NullResultSubmitted specimen_number, researcher
BountyCreated bounty_number, creator, reward_amount, deadline
BountySubmissionCreated bounty_number, specimen_number, researcher
BountyFulfilled bounty_number, specimen_number, researcher, payout, fee
BountyClosed bounty_number, creator, refunded_amount

Errors

Error Description
InvalidBountyStatus Bounty is not in the expected status for the operation
InvalidSubmissionStatus Submission is not in the expected status
SubmissionMismatch The submission PDA does not match the bounty's matched_submission
BountyExpired The bounty deadline has passed
InvalidRewardAmount Reward amount must be greater than zero
FeeOverflow Arithmetic overflow during fee calculation

Frontend

A React 19 SPA built with Vite 7.3 and Tailwind CSS v4. Connects directly to Solana devnet -- no backend server.

Provider Stack

ConnectionProvider (Solana RPC)
  -> WalletProvider (Phantom, auto-connect)
    -> WalletModalProvider
      -> ProgramProvider (Anchor Program instance)
        -> ToastProvider
          -> BrowserRouter

Routes

Route Page Description
/ Landing Hero with animated Bio Protocol icons, problem/solution breakdown, how-it-works timeline, CTA sections
/dashboard Dashboard Protocol stats (total NKAs, bounties, open bounties, unique researchers) and full NKA registry grid
/submit Submit Four-step guided form: Hypothesis -> Results -> Data (file upload + SHA-256) -> Review -> Submit to chain
/market Market Bounty card grid with create-bounty modal
/market/:bountyId BountyDetail Single bounty view with submissions, approve/close actions, and NKA submission modal
/nka/:specimenNumber NullResultDetail Full NKA metadata with researcher info and Solana Explorer links

Hooks

Data hooks (useProtocolState, useNullResults, useBounties, useBountySubmissions) fetch accounts via program.account.<type>.all() and expose { data, loading, error, refetch }.

Transaction hooks (useSubmitNullResult, useCreateBounty, useSubmitToBounty, useApproveBountySubmission, useCloseBounty) derive PDAs, build and send transactions, and show toast notifications for each lifecycle stage.

Design System

Dark-mode cyberpunk aesthetic defined as Tailwind v4 @theme tokens:

  • Background: #060810 with a 40px CSS grid overlay
  • Surfaces: #0d1017 (surface), #161c2a (raised), #232840 borders
  • Accents: Neon cyan (#5ec4de), magenta (#c8836a), lime (#62b862)
  • Typography: Cabinet Grotesk (display), Satoshi (body), Space Grotesk (mono/data)
  • Effects: CRT scanline animation, SVG noise overlay, glass card hover lifts with colored glow shadows, scroll progress bar, pulsing status dots

Bio Protocol Integration

NullGraph aligns directly with Bio Protocol's mission to build decentralized infrastructure for scientific research.

  • Shared settlement layer. Both are built on Solana, sharing wallet ecosystem and finality guarantees.
  • BIO token economy. The bounty marketplace uses BIO tokens for all rewards and fees, directly integrating with Bio Protocol's token ecosystem.
  • SPL Token Interface. All token operations use the SPL Token Interface (anchor-spl/token_interface), ensuring compatibility with any SPL-compliant token.
  • Data provenance. On-chain SHA-256 data hashes provide the same chain-of-custody guarantees Bio Protocol uses for research data integrity.

Future paths: BioDAO-funded bounties, decentralized knowledge graph indexing of NKA metadata, community verification network using the NKA status field (Pending/Verified/Disputed).

Tech Stack

On-Chain

Technology Version Purpose
Solana Devnet Settlement layer
Anchor 0.31.1 Program framework
anchor-spl 0.31.1 SPL Token Interface CPI, Associated Token
Rust 2021 edition Program language

Frontend

Technology Version Purpose
React 19.2 UI framework
TypeScript 5.9 Type safety
Vite 7.3 Build tool + dev server
Tailwind CSS 4.2 Utility-first styling
React Router 7.13 Client-side routing
Lucide React 0.575 Icons

Solana Client Libraries

Library Purpose
@coral-xyz/anchor (0.32.1) Anchor client for IDL-based program interaction
@solana/web3.js JSON-RPC client and transaction building
@solana/wallet-adapter-react React hooks for wallet connection
@solana/wallet-adapter-react-ui Wallet connection modal and button
@solana/wallet-adapter-wallets Phantom wallet adapter
@solana/spl-token SPL Token client utilities (ATA derivation)

Project Structure

nullgraph/
|-- Anchor.toml                          # Anchor config (cluster, program ID, wallet)
|-- Cargo.toml                           # Rust workspace manifest
|-- programs/
|   `-- nullgraph/
|       |-- Cargo.toml
|       `-- src/
|           `-- lib.rs                   # All accounts, instructions, events, errors (~593 lines)
|-- tests/
|   `-- nullgraph.ts                     # Anchor integration tests
|-- scripts/
|   `-- init-protocol.ts                 # One-time protocol initialization script
|-- app/
|   |-- index.html
|   |-- package.json
|   |-- vite.config.ts
|   |-- tsconfig.app.json
|   `-- src/
|       |-- main.tsx                     # React DOM entry
|       |-- App.tsx                      # Provider stack + routes
|       |-- index.css                    # Tailwind v4 @theme tokens + visual effects
|       |-- types/
|       |   `-- index.ts                 # TypeScript interfaces for on-chain accounts
|       |-- lib/
|       |   |-- constants.ts             # Program ID, BIO mint, RPC URL, PDA seeds
|       |   |-- pda.ts                   # PDA derivation functions
|       |   |-- utils.ts                 # String encoding, formatting, SHA-256 hashing
|       |   |-- program.ts              # Anchor Program construction from IDL
|       |   |-- nullgraph.json           # Compiled IDL
|       |   `-- nullgraph_types.ts       # Generated TypeScript types from IDL
|       |-- context/
|       |   `-- ProgramContext.tsx        # React context providing Anchor Program instance
|       |-- hooks/
|       |   |-- useProtocolState.ts       # Fetch ProtocolState singleton
|       |   |-- useNullResults.ts         # Fetch all NullResult accounts
|       |   |-- useBounties.ts            # Fetch all NullBounty accounts
|       |   |-- useBountySubmissions.ts   # Fetch BountySubmission accounts (filterable)
|       |   |-- useSubmitNullResult.ts    # Transaction: submit_null_result
|       |   |-- useCreateBounty.ts        # Transaction: create_bounty
|       |   |-- useSubmitToBounty.ts      # Transaction: submit_to_bounty
|       |   |-- useApproveBountySubmission.ts  # Transaction: approve_bounty_submission
|       |   `-- useCloseBounty.ts         # Transaction: close_bounty
|       |-- components/
|       |   |-- layout/
|       |   |   |-- Navbar.tsx            # Fixed nav with wallet button + scroll progress
|       |   |   |-- Footer.tsx
|       |   |   |-- PageContainer.tsx
|       |   |   |-- NoiseOverlay.tsx      # CRT noise texture
|       |   |   `-- Scanline.tsx          # CRT scanline animation
|       |   |-- cards/
|       |   |   |-- NullResultCard.tsx     # NKA card
|       |   |   |-- BountyCard.tsx         # Bounty card with BIO reward
|       |   |   `-- StatCard.tsx           # Dashboard stat card
|       |   |-- forms/
|       |   |   |-- SubmitNullResultForm.tsx   # Multi-step form container
|       |   |   |-- StepHypothesis.tsx
|       |   |   |-- StepResults.tsx
|       |   |   |-- StepData.tsx
|       |   |   |-- StepReview.tsx
|       |   |   `-- CreateBountyForm.tsx
|       |   |-- ui/
|       |   |   |-- Button.tsx
|       |   |   |-- Badge.tsx
|       |   |   |-- Input.tsx
|       |   |   |-- Textarea.tsx
|       |   |   |-- Modal.tsx
|       |   |   |-- Toast.tsx
|       |   |   |-- SpecimenTag.tsx
|       |   |   |-- ProgressBar.tsx
|       |   |   |-- Spinner.tsx
|       |   |   `-- StatusDot.tsx
|       |   `-- wallet/
|       |       `-- WalletButton.tsx
|       `-- pages/
|           |-- Landing.tsx
|           |-- Dashboard.tsx
|           |-- Submit.tsx
|           |-- Market.tsx
|           |-- BountyDetail.tsx
|           `-- NullResultDetail.tsx
`-- migrations/
    `-- deploy.ts

Getting Started

Prerequisites

Setup

# Install root dependencies
npm install

# Install frontend dependencies
cd app && npm install && cd ..

# Configure Solana CLI
solana config set --url devnet

Build and Deploy

# Build the Anchor program
anchor build

# Deploy to devnet
anchor deploy --provider.cluster devnet

# Initialize the protocol (one-time)
npx ts-node scripts/init-protocol.ts

Run the Frontend

cd app
npm run dev
# -> http://localhost:5173

Rebuild IDL After Program Changes

anchor build
cp target/idl/nullgraph.json app/src/lib/nullgraph.json
cp target/types/nullgraph.ts app/src/lib/nullgraph_types.ts

Testing

# Run against local validator (starts + stops automatically)
anchor test

# Run against existing devnet deployment
anchor test --skip-local-validator --provider.cluster devnet

The test suite covers the full lifecycle:

Test Verifies
Protocol initialization Singleton created with correct authority, counters at zero, fee at 250 bps
Double-init rejection PDA already exists -- Anchor rejects duplicate init
NKA submission PDA created with all fields, counter increments
Multiple researchers Independent submissions, counter increments correctly
Bounty creation + escrow Bounty PDA + vault created, BIO escrowed
Bounty submission BountySubmission PDA created, bounty transitions to Matched
Invalid submission Returns InvalidBountyStatus when bounty is already Matched
Bounty approval + payout 97.5% to researcher, 2.5% to treasury, vault empties, statuses update
Bounty close + refund Full vault balance returned, bounty status becomes Closed
Close fulfilled bounty Returns InvalidBountyStatus when bounty is already Fulfilled

Security Model

On-Chain:

  • Signer checks on every write instruction via Anchor struct-level enforcement.
  • PDA ownership -- all data accounts are program-owned PDAs.
  • has_one constraints -- submit_to_bounty checks the NKA's researcher; approve_bounty_submission and close_bounty check the bounty's creator.
  • Status guards -- each instruction validates current status before mutation.
  • Replay protection -- PDA init constraints prevent duplicate accounts; BountySubmission PDAs are unique per bounty-NKA pair.
  • Vault authority -- vault token accounts use the vault PDA itself as authority. Transfers only via CPI with correct signer seeds.
  • Safe arithmetic -- all fee/payout math uses checked_mul, checked_div, checked_sub.
  • Transfer validation -- all BIO transfers use transfer_checked, validating mint and decimal precision.

Frontend:

  • No private keys handled. All signing delegated to Phantom.
  • Client-side file hashing via Web Crypto API (crypto.subtle.digest).
  • Input bounds match on-chain field sizes (128/256 chars via maxLength).

Environment Variables

Variable Default Description
VITE_RPC_URL https://api.devnet.solana.com Solana JSON-RPC endpoint

Both are optional. Defaults point to the devnet deployment.

License

MIT

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