RLCSD: Reinforcement Learning with Contrastive On-Policy Self-Distillation

News

• 2026-08-29 — Important notice: We have identified several implementation bugs and are actively fixing them and rerunning all affected experiments. We expect to complete this work within one month. Please do not use the current repository for experiments until this notice is updated.
• 2026-08-17 — Added correct_privileged_hint_source=gt_cot, which uses the dataset-provided ground-truth reasoning trace as RLCSD's correct privileged hint. The main results now report both GT CoT and self-rollout variants. Overall, self-rollout remains the more stable default, especially on larger-model logical reasoning and Olmo-3-7B, while GT CoT achieves higher scores on several datasets.
• 2026-06-05 — Initial open-source release of the RLCSD training code, experiment configurations, and evaluation setup.

Introduction

On-policy self-distillation (OPSD) gives reasoning models dense, token-level supervision by aligning a model's own distribution with the distribution it produces under a privileged context (typically a verified solution). We show that this distributional gap is dominated by style tokens rather than task-bearing tokens — a pathology we call privilege-induced style drift, which destabilizes training and collapses response length.

RLCSD removes this drift by contrasting the teacher–student gap under a correct hint against the gap under a wrong hint produced under an identical prompt template. The shared stylistic component cancels in the subtraction, leaving a token-level signal that is more concentrated on task-bearing tokens. We then integrate this signal into GRPO as a verifier-anchored modulation of the outcome advantage, instead of a replacement for it. On Qwen3 (1.7B / 4B / 8B) and Olmo-3-7B-Think, across DeepMath (AMC23 / AIME24 / AIME25) and Knights & Knaves, RLCSD consistently outperforms GRPO and every prior OPSD baseline we tested, while keeping training dynamics stable where existing methods either explode or collapse.

Method overview

For each query we run three stages:

1. Rollout sampling and partitioning. Sample G rollouts from the student and split them into a correct set 𝒢⁺ and an incorrect set 𝒢⁻ using a rule-based verifier (binary reward).

2. Contrastive token-level signal. Draw a positive hint y*_c from 𝒢⁺ and K negative hints {y*_w,k} from 𝒢⁻, wrap each in an identical "Reference Solution" template, and form

   e_ctr,t = log π_T(y_t | x, y*_c, y_<t) − log (1/K) Σ_k π_T(y_t | x, y*_{w,k}, y_<t)
   

   Two refinements matter: (i) K-marginalize the negative branch to stay robust against error-type mismatch between the target rollout and the sampled negative, and (ii) exclude the target rollout from the hint pool to avoid self-conditioning over-confidence.

3. Verifier-anchored modulation & two-path loss. Convert e_ctr,t into a bounded modulation r_t via a tanh squash, gate it with a threshold mask, and add it to A_ORM under a sign-preserving clamp so the verifier always decides the update direction. Aggregate as a two- path PPO-style clipped loss with independent normalization for unmodulated and modulated token sets.

See the paper for derivations of (1)–(3) and ablations on each design choice.

Methods supported in this repo

Each YAML config selects a method via the method: key. Implementations live in third_party/verl/verl/trainer/ppo/core_algos.py (loss) and src/self_distill_main.py (RLCSD/ECTR rollout-side data path).

Key	Method	Reference
grpo	Group Relative Policy Optimization — verifier-only RLVR baseline.	Shao et al., 2024 — arXiv:2402.03300
opsd	On-policy self-distillation with dense forward-KL distillation and per-token KL clipping.	Zhao et al., 2026 — arXiv:2601.18734
sdpo	Dense distillation using Jensen–Shannon divergence (mode-balancing variant of OPSD).	Hübotter et al., 2026 — arXiv:2601.20802
srpo	Sample-level routing: GRPO on correct rollouts, SDPO-style distillation on failed ones.	Li et al., 2026 — arXiv:2604.02288
rlsd	Per-token sampled-token distillation gap used to modulate AORM.	Yang et al., 2026 — arXiv:2604.03128
rlcsd	This work — contrastive cancellation across symmetric positive/negative hints, then K-marginalized and integrated as a verifier-anchored AORM modulation.	this repo
opsd_ectr	OPSD + the contrastive construction grafted onto its dense distillation target (plug-in study, §4.3 of the paper).	this repo
rlsd_ectr	RLSD + the contrastive construction grafted onto its scalar modulation (plug-in study, §4.3 of the paper).	this repo

The two _ectr variants are not new training methods on their own; they exist to show that the contrastive principle behind RLCSD is general — see Contrastive hints as a plug-in component below.

Repo layout

src/
  self_distill_main.py     RLCSD / OPSD / SDPO / RLSD / SRPO trainer entry
  verl_main.py             Legacy non-verl trainer (kept for reference)
  losses.py                generalized_jsd_loss / sdpo_loss / rlsd_loss
  verl_reward.py           Custom reward function used by verl
  opsd_format.py           Prompt template + privileged-context wrapping
  data_utils.py / prompts.py / models.py
configs/
  math_deepmath/           {model}_{algo}.yaml  (4 models × 6 algos + 4B-only ectr)
  logic_kk/                same layout
scripts/
  _run_verl.sh             Launcher: reads a YAML and runs the right entry
  math_deepmath/run_*.sh   Per-config shims
  logic_kk/run_*.sh
  download_data.py         Pull train/eval parquets from HuggingFace
third_party/verl/          Vendored verl with the RLCSD policy losses registered
assets/                    Figures from the paper used in this README
requirements.txt

Install

# Recommended: a fresh Python 3.10–3.12 env
pip install -r requirements.txt

A few practical notes:

• requirements.txt pins torch>=2.5.0,<2.10 to keep a CUDA 12 toolchain. torch 2.10+ defaults to CUDA 13 wheels which require a newer NVIDIA driver than CUDA 12.x systems ship. For an explicit CUDA match install from the PyTorch index:

  pip install "torch>=2.5.0,<2.10" --index-url https://download.pytorch.org/whl/cu126

• flash-attn builds against the installed torch — use pip install flash-attn --no-build-isolation if pip's build env can't find torch.
• third_party/verl/ is added to PYTHONPATH automatically by _run_verl.sh.

Data

Training and eval parquets live at Leyiii/RLCSD. Pull everything in one shot:

python scripts/download_data.py --all

This writes to data/verl/<dataset>/{train,val}.parquet. The launcher resolves paths under that root.

Dataset	Used by
deepmath_filtered_level5_7	Qwen3-1.7B (math train)
deepmath_filtered_level6_8	Qwen3-4B (math train)
deepmath_filtered_level7_10	Qwen3-8B + Olmo3-7B (math train)
amc23+aime24+aime25	math eval
kk_4to8	logic train (Knights & Knaves 4–8)
kk_4to8_test+kk_9+kk_10+kk_11	logic eval (ID 4–8 + OOD 9–11)

Training data subsets come from filtering DeepMath-103K (He et al., 2025) by difficulty band. The Knights & Knaves generator follows Logic-RL (Xie et al., 2025).

Run

# RLCSD on Qwen3-4B, math reasoning
bash scripts/math_deepmath/run_qwen3_4b_rlcsd.sh

# SDPO baseline on Olmo3-7B-Think, logic puzzles
bash scripts/logic_kk/run_olmo3_7b_think_sdpo.sh

Each shim is a one-liner that forwards a config to scripts/_run_verl.sh. To override individual hyperparameters, append Hydra-style overrides:

bash scripts/math_deepmath/run_qwen3_4b_rlcsd.sh learning_rate=2e-6 group_size=16

RLCSD uses a verified sibling rollout as its correct privileged hint by default. Set correct_privileged_hint_source to gt_cot to use the dataset's ground-truth extra_info.solution for the correct branch instead; the wrong branch still comes from incorrect sibling rollouts and excludes the target itself when the target is incorrect:

bash scripts/math_deepmath/run_qwen3_4b_rlcsd.sh correct_privileged_hint_source=gt_cot

Common environment overrides:

• SWANLAB_API_KEY — for swanlab logging (set use_swanlab: true in configs)
• HF_ENDPOINT — e.g. https://hf-mirror.com for a HuggingFace mirror
• CUDA_HOME — defaults to /usr/local/cuda-12.6

Results

Main results across model scales

We report two RLCSD variants: Self-Roll. uses the model's own verified successful rollout as the correct privileged context, while GT CoT uses the ground-truth reasoning trace from the dataset. Taking the better variant for each task family, the gains over the Base model are +4.3 / +14.0 (math / logic) at 1.7B, +2.9 / +6.8 at 4B, +2.8 / +14.4 at 8B, and +1.8 / +9.9 on Olmo-3-7B.

Model	Method	AMC23	AIME24	AIME25	Math Avg.	KK 4–8	KK 9	KK 10	KK 11	Logic Avg.
Qwen3-1.7B	Base	74.1	48.3	33.3	51.9	63.2	53.0	43.0	31.0	47.6
	GRPO	76.6	51.6	37.2	55.1	67.4	59.0	52.0	34.0	53.1
	OPSD	76.3	50.8	37.7	54.9	64.4	55.0	52.0	32.0	50.9
	SDPO	72.9	42.2	33.6	49.6	67.4	61.0	54.0	30.0	53.1
	SRPO	73.2	43.6	34.4	50.4	64.4	58.0	47.0	33.0	50.6
	RLSD	73.9	46.1	36.9	52.3	66.8	59.0	50.0	35.0	52.7
	RLCSD (Self-Roll.)	77.2	53.1	38.3	56.2 (+4.3)	70.0	63.0	63.0	38.0	58.5 (+10.9)
	RLCSD (GT CoT)	77.3	53.3	38.1	56.2 (+4.3)	71.2	70.0	65.0	40.0	61.6 (+14.0)
Qwen3-4B	Base	88.6	72.5	65.3	75.5	73.2	67.0	58.0	42.0	60.1
	GRPO	89.1	75.8	66.1	77.0	75.4	71.0	61.0	45.0	63.1
	OPSD	89.4	74.2	67.5	77.0	73.4	71.0	62.0	42.0	62.1
	SDPO	88.3	68.3	64.4	73.7	74.4	72.0	62.0	45.0	63.4
	SRPO	87.9	71.4	64.7	74.7	75.0	71.0	61.0	45.0	63.0
	RLSD	86.9	71.2	66.9	75.0	76.8	72.0	63.0	48.0	65.0
	RLCSD (Self-Roll.)	90.1	74.4	69.4	78.0 (+2.5)	78.6	73.0	66.0	50.0	66.9 (+6.8)
	RLCSD (GT CoT)	90.4	75.8	68.9	78.4 (+2.9)	77.2	75.0	67.0	48.0	66.8 (+6.7)
Qwen3-8B	Base	88.8	74.2	66.9	76.6	72.4	67.0	55.0	44.0	59.6
	GRPO	90.1	76.1	69.7	78.6	76.8	75.0	63.0	49.0	66.0
	OPSD	90.4	76.9	68.7	78.7	75.2	74.0	61.0	49.0	64.8
	SDPO	88.8	76.1	65.6	76.8	72.4	72.0	56.0	46.0	61.6
	SRPO	88.3	75.3	65.6	76.4	74.8	72.0	60.0	49.0	64.0
	RLSD	88.7	75.5	67.2	77.1	76.6	77.0	64.0	52.0	67.4
	RLCSD (Self-Roll.)	90.8	77.5	69.7	79.3 (+2.7)	81.8	79.0	70.0	65.0	74.0 (+14.4)
	RLCSD (GT CoT)	90.7	76.7	70.8	79.4 (+2.8)	80.2	79.0	69.0	60.0	72.1 (+12.5)
Olmo-3-7B	Base	91.2	73.9	66.9	77.3	70.6	64.0	55.0	35.0	56.2
	GRPO	92.4	75.8	68.9	79.0	73.8	69.0	63.0	39.0	61.2
	OPSD	92.2	75.6	66.9	78.2	72.4	69.0	62.0	38.0	60.4
	SDPO	91.6	74.2	67.4	77.7	73.2	67.0	59.0	46.0	61.3
	SRPO	92.1	75.0	65.3	77.5	73.2	68.0	61.0	40.0	60.6
	RLSD	92.6	74.7	66.9	78.1	73.8	65.0	61.0	38.0	59.4
	RLCSD (Self-Roll.)	92.7	76.1	68.6	79.1 (+1.8)	75.4	76.0	65.0	48.0	66.1 (+9.9)
	RLCSD (GT CoT)	92.5	73.9	67.3	77.9 (+0.6)	70.6	65.0	61.0	37.0	58.4 (+2.2)

Math is reported as mean@12; Knights & Knaves as pass@1. KK 4–8 is the in-distribution test set; 9 / 10 / 11 are out-of-distribution role counts. Bold numbers mark the best result in each model block. Self-rollout is the more stable overall choice and is clearly stronger on larger-model logical reasoning, particularly Olmo-3-7B. GT CoT nevertheless produces the best Qwen3-1.7B logic average (61.6), Qwen3-4B math average (78.4), and Qwen3-8B math average (79.4), showing that the preferred positive-hint source remains model- and dataset-dependent.

Training stability

Existing OPSD methods exhibit two characteristic failure modes:

• Entropy explosion → training collapse. OPSD, SDPO, and SRPO produce rapidly growing actor entropy that destabilizes optimization and manifests as abrupt response-length blow-up and sharp drops in reward and validation accuracy.
• Premature length shrinkage. RLSD steadily decreases response length on math, limiting late-stage performance on long-horizon problems.

RLCSD keeps both entropy and response length stable throughout training while achieving stronger final validation performance:

Contrastive hints as a plug-in component

The contrastive construction is not specific to RLCSD. Applying it on top of two representative methods from different families — OPSD (dense distillation) and RLSD (advantage modulation) — improves every method on nearly every metric.

Concretely, for each method we vary only the source of the privileged signal and hold everything else fixed:

1. GT CoT (one-sided) — the positive context is the ground-truth solution from the dataset, with no negative branch.
2. Self-Roll. (one-sided) — the positive context is a correct rollout sampled by the model itself, with no negative branch.
3. Self-Roll. (contrastive) — a correct self-rollout is contrasted against incorrect sibling rollouts. This is what *_ectr and RLCSD's default self_rollout configuration use.

These plug-in ablations are distinct from the new RLCSD GT CoT variant in the main results: that variant remains contrastive, using dataset GT CoT for the positive branch and incorrect self-rollouts for the negative branch.

Settings (1) and (2) perform essentially the same across all three methods — switching the source of the one-sided hint barely matters. Setting (3) is the one that wins. Δ below is the gain of (3) over the better of (1) and (2), averaged across benchmarks (Math = AMC23 + AIME24 + AIME25 mean@12, KK = 4–8 + 9 + 10 + 11 pass@1, Qwen3-4B):

Method	Δ (Math avg)	Δ (KK avg)
OPSD	+0.2	+2.3
RLSD	+2.2	+0.5
RLCSD	+3.0	+5.4

opsd_ectr — OPSD + contrastive token-level signal. Without contrast, OPSD's actor entropy explodes in the late stage (the failure mode above); adding the contrastive hint keeps entropy bounded and yields a stable training reward.

rlsd_ectr — RLSD + contrastive evidence ratio. The contrastive signal mitigates the length collapse seen in vanilla RLSD on math (left panel below). The right panel is an RLCSD ablation: removing the contrast from RLCSD reproduces the same length-collapse pathology, confirming that the contrastive construction is what keeps RLCSD's reasoning traces from shrinking.

These plug-in results are reported only on Qwen3-4B in the paper, and only those configs ship here (configs/{math_deepmath,logic_kk}/qwen3_4b_opsd_ectr.yaml and qwen3_4b_rlsd_ectr.yaml).

Built on verl

The vendored fork under third_party/verl/ is based on verl (Sheng et al., 2024). RLCSD-specific extensions live in:

• third_party/verl/verl/trainer/ppo/core_algos.py — new policy losses registered via @register_policy_loss("rlcsd" | "opsd_ectr" | "rlsd_ectr")
• third_party/verl/verl/workers/{actor,utils}/ — minor plumbing for the positive/negative teacher batches required by the RLCSD data path

Citation

If you use this code or the released RLCSD method, please cite:

@article{pan2026rlcsd,
  title={RLCSD: Reinforcement Learning with Contrastive On-Policy Self-Distillation},
  author={Pan, Leyi and Tao, Shuchang and Zhai, Yunpeng and Zhang, Lingzhe and Liu, Zhaoyang and Ding, Bolin and Liu, Aiwei and Wen, Lijie},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2606.11709},
  year={2026}
}