debugger: avoid probe timeouts on target throws

[trivikr]

Fixes a flaky test-debugger-probe-script-throws timeout.

Probe mode now explicitly disables exception pauses after enabling the
debugger. This keeps uncaught target exceptions flowing to process exit,
so probe mode reports probe_target_exit instead of leaving the target
paused until the probe timeout.

Refs: https://github.com/nodejs/node/actions/runs/26599014755/job/78377475548

Error Log

Path: parallel/test-debugger-probe-script-throws
Error: --- stderr ---
[process 39453]: --- stderr ---

[process 39453]: --- stdout ---
{"v":2,"probes":[{"expr":"'before-throw'","target":{"suffix":"probe-script-throws.js","line":7}},{"expr":"99","target":{"suffix":"probe-script-throws.js","line":4}}],"results":[{"event":"timeout","pending":[0,1],"error":{"code":"probe_timeout","message":"Timed out after 30000ms waiting for probes: probe-script-throws.js:7, probe-script-throws.js:4"}}]}

[process 39453]: status = 1, signal = null
/Users/runner/work/node/node/dir%20with $unusual"chars?'åß∂ƒ©∆¬…`/test/common/child_process.js:112
    throw error;
    ^

Error: - process terminated with status 1, expected 0
    at Object.<anonymous> (/Users/runner/work/node/node/dir%20with $unusual"chars?'åß∂ƒ©∆¬…`/test/parallel/test-debugger-probe-script-throws.js:31:1)
    at Module._compile (node:internal/modules/cjs/loader:1879:14)
    at Object..js (node:internal/modules/cjs/loader:2019:10)
    at Module.load (node:internal/modules/cjs/loader:1602:32)
    at Module._load (node:internal/modules/cjs/loader:1404:12)
    at wrapModuleLoad (node:internal/modules/cjs/loader:255:19)
    at Module.executeUserEntryPoint [as runMain] (node:internal/modules/run_main:154:5)
    at node:internal/main/run_main_module:33:47 {
  options: {
    cwd: '/Users/runner/work/node/node/dir%20with $unusual"chars?\'åß∂ƒ©∆¬…`/test/fixtures/debugger'
  },
  command: '/Users/runner/work/node/node/dir%20with $unusual"chars?\'åß∂ƒ©∆¬…`/out/Release/node inspect --json --probe probe-script-throws.js:7 --expr \'before-throw\' --probe probe-script-throws.js:4 --expr 99 probe-script-throws.js'
}

---

Assisted-by: openai:gpt-5.5

[codecov]

Codecov Report

✅ All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests.
✅ Project coverage is 90.28%. Comparing base (e1ae3a5) to head (35cdb9d).
⚠️ Report is 1 commits behind head on main.

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main   #63632      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   90.29%   90.28%   -0.02%     
==========================================
  Files         730      730              
  Lines      234816   234817       +1     
  Branches    43955    43958       +3     
==========================================
- Hits       212034   211999      -35     
- Misses      14492    14537      +45     
+ Partials     8290     8281       -9     

Files with missing lines	Coverage Δ
lib/internal/debugger/inspect_probe.js	79.47% <100.00%> (-0.09%)	⬇️

... and 34 files with indirect coverage changes

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